The Indian Constitution gives the division of power in the form of three lists, known as Union List, State List and Concurrent List. The Union List includes subjects like taxes, defence and foreign affairs. Union List would be the exclusive responsibility of the Centre.
The State List would be taken care of principally by the states. It includes subjects like education and health. The centre and the states would have joint responsibility in case of the Concurrent List. It includes subjects like forests and agriculture

After division of India in 1947 into India and Pakistan (West and East), the Urdu speaking rulers of West Pakistan kept torturing the Bengali speaking population of East Pakistan. A time came when the East Pakistani Population rose in revolt against West Pakistan. The government committed atrocities on the Bengalis and thousands of them came to India as refugees.
The Bengali population formed Mukti Vahini under the leadership of Muziburr Rehman. After a long struggle Bangladesh achieved Independence in 1971.

The Constituent Assembly took the decision that while Hindi would be the official language of India, English would be used in the courts, the services and communications between one state and another.
The advantage of this decision is:
It would keep the whole of India united. The South Indian states would not separate themselves from India.
The disadvantage of this decision is :
It would hamper the development and growth of Hindi all over India.

(i) India gained freedom after the Second World War.
(ii) A new international body-The United Nations was formed in 1945.
(iii) At this time, colonial empires were collapsing and many countries were attaining independence.
(iv) Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who was also the foreign minister of India, developed free India's foreign policy in this context.
(v) Non-alignment formed the bedrock of this foreign policy.
(vi) This was also the period when the cold war emerged, that is, power rivalries and conflicts between the USA and USSR emerged and both countries were creating respective military alliances.
(vii) The non-aligned movement urged the countries not to join either of the two major alliance groups.
(viii) Non aligned countries such as India played an active role in mediating between the American and Soviet Alliances.
(ix) They tried to prevent war by taking humanitarian and moral stands.

(i) The work is gag on at Gandhi Sagar dam.
(ii) It is built on the Chambal river.

The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26th January 1950. Main features of the Indian
constitution are:
(i) Universal Adult Franchise It adopted Universal Adult Franchise. According to this, all Indians above the age of 21 would be allowed to vote in state and national elections
(ii) Equality to all citizens It guaranteed equality before the law to all citizens, regardless of their caste or religious affiliations.
All the people of different religions would be given the same opportunities when it came to seeking jobs in government or the private sector, they have the same rights before the law.
(iii) Granting special privilege to Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) It offered privileges for the poorest and most disadvantaged Indians. A certain percentage of seats in legislatures, as well as jobs in government services, are reserved for them.
(iv) Abolition of untouchability The practice of untouchability was abolished. The Hindu temples were open to all including the untouchables.

Jawaharlal Nehru and Krishna Menon led the Indian delegation to the U.N. between 1952 and 1962.
They argued for the policy of non-alignment.

One feature of the constitution was its adoption of universal adult franchise. All Indians would be allowed to vote in state and national elections

The challenges faced by independent India were:
(i) Framing a new constitution for India.
(ii) Integration of states into the Indian union.
(iii) Planning for development of the nation (5-year plans).
(iv) To develop an independent foreign policy for country.

(i) Potti Sriramulu was a Gandhian leader in Andhra Pradesh. He became famous because of a hunger strike.
(ii) He demanded for an independent state for Telugu speaking people.
(iii) On October 1,1953the new state of Andhra Pradesh came in to being after the demise of Potti Sriramulu.