(i) The people who managed to return back with wealth and led flashy lives and flaunted their richness.
(ii) They were called "Nabobs" - an English version of the Indian word 'Nawab'.
(iii) They were often seen as upstarts and social climbers in British society and were ridiculed or made fun of in plays and cartoons.

(i) The Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie.
(ii) According to this, if the ruler of a protected or dependent state died without a natural heir, his state would automatically lapse.
(iii) The victims of this doctrine were Satara (1848), Jaitpur, Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853)and Jhansi (1854

When the English traders first came to India, they were very polite. They petitioned the then government in a humble manner for permission to purchase land to build a factory house there.

The British got furious with Tipu Sultan.
(i) Mysore controlled the profitable trade of the Malabar coast from where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. In 1785, Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper, cardamom through the ports of his kingdom.
(ii) Tipu Sultan established a close relationship with the French in India and modernized his army with their help.

In 1765, the Mughal emperor appointed the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal. The Diwani allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal. This solved a major problem of the Company. From the early lSth century its trade with India had expanded. But it had to buy most of the goods in India with gold and silver imported from Britain. This was because at this time Britain had no goods to sell in India. 
The outflow of gold from Britain slowed after the battle of Plassey and entirely stopped after the assumption ofDiwani. Now, revenues could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company fort and offices at Calcutta.

(i) The problem was that all the companies were interested in buying the same things.
(ii) The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. Pepper, cloves, cardamom and cinnamon too were in great demand.
(iii) Competition amongst the European companies inevitably pushed up the prices at which these goods could be purchased, and this reduced the profits that could be earned.
(iv) The only way the trading companies could flourish was by eliminating rival competitors.
(v) The urge to secure markets therefore led to fierce battles between the trading companies

(i) Sirajuddaulah refused to grant concessions to the Company, demanded large tributes for the Company's right to trade, denied it any right to mint coins, and stopped it from extending its fortifications.
(ii) Accusing the Company of deceit, he claimed that the Company was depriving the Bengal government of huge amounts of revenue and undermining the authority of the Nawab.
(iii) The Company was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters, and trying to humiliate the Nawab and his officials.
Events :
(i) After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched along with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kasim bazar, captured the Company officials, locked the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blocked English ships.
(ii) Then he marched to Calcutta to establish control over the Company's fort. On hearing the news of the fall of Calcutta, Company officials in Madras sent forces under the command of Robert Clive, reinforced by naval fleets.
(iii) Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab followed. Finally, in 1757, Robert Clive led the Company's army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey
(iv) One of the main reasons for the defeat of the Nawab was that the forces led by Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah's commanders, never fought the battle. Clive had managed to secure his support by promising to make him nawab after crushing Sirajuddaulah.
Consequences :
(i) The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major war that the Company had won in India.
(ii) After the defeat at Plassey, Sirajuddaulah was assassinated and Mir Jafar was made the nawab. The Company was still unwilling to take over the responsibility of administration. Its prime objective was the expansion of trade.

The English developed a strong army due to the following reasons :
(i)The army was needed to establish control upon the vast empire.
(ii) It was also required to suppress internal revolts against the British.
(iii) The army consisted of Indian soldiers who were known as sepoys.
(iv) The army was well disciplined, well trained and regularly paid.

Bahadur Shah Zafar and his sons were being arrested by Captain Hodson.

Battle of Plassey, fought in 1757, is an important landmark in the history of India because:
(i) It marked the beginning of the establishment of British rule in India.
(ii) The British got a foothold from where they were to eventually conquer the whole of India.

Causes responsible for the battle of Plassey are given below:
(i) In 1756A.D., the Nawab seized the English Factory at Kasim Bazar and occupied Fort William, but Clive recaptured it in 1756A.D.
(ii) Mir afar wanted to dethrone the nawab and entered into a conspiracy against the nawab joining hands with the Britishers.
(iii) Clive blamed the nawab that he was conspiring against English with the help of French.