(i) Habitation sites were the places where people lived. For example, rock and cave shelters.
(ii) People choose these natural caves for habitation because they provided protection from rain, sun and wind.
(iii) These rock and cave shelters are found in the Vindhyas.
(iv) These rock shelters are close to the Narmada valley.

The Harappan city was a very busy place. There were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city, People may have kept the most valuable objects, such. as ornaments of gold and silver. People also travelled to distant lands.

(i) Harappan seals were rectangular in shape.
(ii) These seals were made of stone.

Stone tools found during the Mesolithic period are called Microliths. They were generally tiny in size. The Mesolithic man probably stuck these stones on to the handles of bones or wood to make tools such as saws and sickles. These tools were used for digging the ground and stitching clothes.

In the earlier times, writings were done on relatively hard surfaces such as blacked clay, stone or metal. Since, these objects were imperishable, these writings usually survived for a long time.

Tributaries are smaller rivers that flow into a larger river, e.g., the river Son is a tributary of the river Ganga.

Importance of Wheels:
(i) Pottery-making can be done.
(ii) It makes to draw water from wells.
(iii) Heavy objects can be easily transported.
(iv) Spinning of threads has become easier.

Charaka was a famous ancient Indian physician. He wrote a book on medicine science known as, 'Charaka Samhita'.

Sangha could be joined by brahmins, kshatriyas, merchants, labourers, barbers, courtesans and slaves.

Sangha was an association of those who left their homes. As both Mahavira and Buddha felt that only those who left their homes could gain true knowledge, they arranged for them to stay together in the Sangha.

The difference between parallels of latitudes and meridians of longitudes are given below:

The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth opposite the Prime Meridian, where the date changes as one travel across the East or West. Roughly along 180° longitude, it almost corresponds to the time zone boundary separating -12 and +12 hours, Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Crossing the IDL, travelling east results in a day or 24 hours being added and crossing west results in a day being subtracted. The exact number of hours depends on the time zones.

(i) Some of the raw materials that the Harappans used were available locally and many items such as copper, tin, gold, silver and precious stones had to be brought from distant places.
(ii) The Harappans probably got copper from present-day Rajasthan and even from Oman in West Asia.
(iii) Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze, may have been brought from present day Afghanistan and Iran.
(iv) Gold could have come all the way from present day Karnataka and precious stones from present day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan.

(i) The Harappan cities developed about 4700 years ago. Many of these cities were divided into two or more parts. Usually, the part to the West was smaller but higher. Archaeologists describe it as the citadel. Generally, the part to the East was larger but lower and it is called the lower town,
(ii) In some cities, special buildings were constructed on the citadel. For example, in Mohenjodoro, a very special tank, which archeologists call the Great Bath, was built It was lined with bricks and coated with plaster, Perhaps, important people took a dip in this tank on special occasions,
(iii) Other cities, such as Kaibangan and Lothal had fire altars where sacrifices may have been performed. And some cities like Mohenjadaro, Harappa and Lothal had elaborate storehouses. These cities were found in Punjab and Sindh in Pakistan and in Gujarat, Haryana, Rajasthan and Punjab in India.
(iv) There were people who planned the construction of special buildings in the city. They were probably the rulers.
(v) It is likely that the rulers sent people to distant lands to get metals, precious stones and other things that they wanted. They may have kept the most valuable objects, such as ornaments of gold and silver or beautiful beads for themselves.

(i) The Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas were the three ruling families who became powerful in South India around 2300 years ago.
(ii) Each of the three Chiefs had two centres of power: one on land, and one on the coast.
(iii) The Chiefs did not collect regular taxes. Instead, they demanded and received gifts from the people.
(iv) They also went on military expeditions and collected tributes from neighbouring areas.
(v) They kept some of the wealth and distributed the rest amongst their supporters including members of their family, soldiers and poets.
(vi) Many poets whose compositions are found in the Sangam collection are poems in praise of the chiefs who often rewarded them with precious stones, gold, horses, elephants, chariots and fine cloth.

The Chinese Buddhist pilgrims who visited India were:
(i) Fa Xian, who Came to the sub-continent about 1600years ago,
(ii) Xuan Zang who came around 1400 years ago, and
(iii) I-Qing, who came about 50 years after Xuan Zang.
Their aim was to visit places associated with the life of Buddha as well as the famous monasteries.

(i) Administration: During Ashoka's time, the king was the head of the state and was assisted by 'rnantriparishad' -the council of ministers. His empire was divided into provinces and the provinces were divided into districts. Villages were the smallest units. City was the basic trade centre.
(ii) Pataliputra: The capital city was administrated by the Chief-Nagarika with the City Council of 30 members, who, in turn, had 6 boards, each board incharge of various functions. All the cities were administered like Pataliputra.
(iii) Education: It was fairly widespread and teaching was mainly the job of the Brahmins. Buddhist monasteries were the educational institutions. Famous educational centers were established in Taxila, Ujjain, and Varanasi.
(iv) Revenue: The income for the empire came through taxes which were both in cash and kind, levied on land holding and trade. Tax collection was hardly very strict.
(v) Army: The army was very huge and functioned under Senapati who directly reported to the king. The Soldiers were well equipped with swords, bows and arrows and spears and were looked after very well. Army was divided into six branches. They were: Cavalry, Infantry, Chariots, Elephants, Transport and Navy.
(vi) Economy: The administrators helped villagers by clearing forest area and starting new settlements. They also helped people start agriculture and animal husbandry.

(i) The members of a tribe follow occupations such as hunting, gathering, farming, herding and fishing.
(ii) Women do most of the agricultural work like preparing the ground, sowing seeds, looking after the growing plants and harvesting grain.
(iii) Children often look after plants, driving away animals and birds that might eat them. The cleaning of animals and milking, is done by both men and women.
(iv) Both women and men make pots, baskets, tools and huts. They also take part in singing, dancing and decorating their huts.

(i) Buddhist monks and nuns lived and meditated in these shelters.
(ii) These raves were used by the monks and nuns in tile rainy season because during this season it was very difficult to travel.
(iii) This cave is in Karle, which is in present day Maharashtra.