(a)Hot and dry region
(b)Clear sky almost whole year
(c)Cheaper installation
(d)Renewable and pollution free energy source.
(e)Government motivation

The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turks and there were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor - the spiritual head of the Islamic world. A khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay in March 1919. The Ali brothers Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali had discussion with Mahatma Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue. Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified national movement.

Democracy is considered to be the best form of government and most of the countries in the world have adopted it.

Arguments in favour of democracy
1. It safeguards the interest of the people
2. Based on the principle of equality
3. Possibility in administration
4. Political education to the people
5. Little chance of revolution
6. Based on public opinion
7. Helps people to become good citizens
8. Accommodate all diversities and differences.

Large numbers of transactions in our day to day activities involve credit in some form or the other. Credit helps people to meet the ongoing expenses of production, complete production on time and thereby increase their earnings. Hence, it plays a vital and positive role in a country's development.

(i) Calcutta or Kolkata had a long history of air pollution. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter. Since the cry was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combined with smoke to generate a thick black smog.
(ii) Burning of dung and wood fuel were the main sources of air pollution.
(iii) Colonial authorities at first intended to clear the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours , but the railway lines introduced in 185, brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture - coal from Raniganj. The high content of ash in the Inidan  coal was a problem. many place were made to banish the dirty mills from the city, but without any results.
(iv) Calcutta (Kolkata) was the first city to get smoke nuisance legislation in 1863.
(v) the inspectors of the Bengal smoke Nuisance Commission finally managed to control the industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was for more difficult.

(a) A combination of social divisions and politics can be really dangerous.
(b) A democracy involves competition among various political parties.
(c) As their competition tends to divide society, if they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions, then it can convert those social divisions into political divisions, which can lead to conflict, violence and even disintegration of the country.
(d) Northern Ireland is the site of a violent and bitter ethno-political conflict.
(e) Its population is divided into two major sects of Christianity: 53 percent are Protestants, while 44 per cent are Roman Catholics.
(f) The Catholics were represented by Nationalist parties who demanded that Northern Ireland be unified with the Republic of Ireland, a predominantly Catholic country.
(g) The Protestants were represented by Unionists who wanted to remain with the UK, which is predominantly protestant.
(h) In Northern Ireland, hundreds of civilians, militants and security forces were killed in the fight between Unionists (represented the Protestants) and Nationalists (represented the Catholics) and between the security forces of the UK and the Nationalists.
(i) Political competition along religious and ethnic lines resulted in the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
(j) Social divisions affect voting in most of the countries. People from one community tend to prefer some party more than the others.
(k) Social division does not lead to disintegration of the country if it is respected and dealt with properly.
(l) However, the combination of social divisions and politics is not always negative.
(m) The political expression of social divisions allows marginalised and disadvantaged social groups to express their grievances and ask the government to rectify them.
(n) The system of reservation of seats in Indian legislatures for the socially disadvantaged has allowed such social groups to have an adequate representation in the decision making process.

(i) The three states having black soil are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The crops, which mainly grown are cotton, tobacco and sugarcane.
(ii) Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern coast. Three main features of this type of soil are
(a) It is very fertile.
(b) It contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
(c) It is more alkaline in the drier areas.
(iii) Following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas
(a) Afforestation This is done by planting trees.
(b) Terrace farming and contour ploughing This is done across the hill slopes.
(c) Restricted grazing of animals Animals should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil.
(d) Plugging of gullies By this method, gully erosion can be prevented

When we look at the figures related to Human Development Index, India lags behind on several parameters. Although the life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy rate have shown improvement in 2011 census, much more needs to be done. Given the vast population of India, the absolute number of infants how die before completing one year is very high. This can be attributed to lack of proper health care, drinking water, sanitation and nutrition; especially in rural areas. India needs to develop facilities to improve on these parameters to become a developed country.

The following are the objectives of social development
(i)Economic Equality-Social development seeks to bring economic equality to the poor section of the society. It requires the standard of living of the people living below poverty line.
(ii)Social Justice- The under-privilege of section of society should get equal rights for carrying on any job, profession etc. They should also get justice and legal aid for any injustice met by upper section of the society.
(iii)Health and Education - It should be ensured that lower section of the society gets proper health and education facilities so that they can complete with the rich section of the society.
(iv)Cultural Equality - No discrimination should be met out to the people on the basis of regional identity, caste, religion, social status etc., Social development aims at all round development of society without any injustice, discrimination or deprivation.

Bao Dai's government in South Vietnam was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem through a coup. He set up an oppressive and dictatorial government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and jailed. He allowed Christianity and banned Buddhism which turned the people against him. This led to the formation of National liberation Front. With the help of Ho Chi Minh government in the north, NLF started a war against Bao Dai's government. The US began to fear the growing communist influence in the region and thus decided to intervence in the situation in Vietnam, turning it into a war zone.