1. Alexander Fleming, while working on Staphylococci bacteria, observed a mould growing in one of the unwashed culture plates, around the mould the bacterium could not grow.
2. He found that it was due to a chemical produced by the mould Penicillium notatum and named the chemical as Penicillin.
3. Its full potential as an antibiotic was established later by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey.

Some molecules produced by certain living organisms perform functions in the body of other organisms and modify the metabolism.
Hence, they are called bioactive molecules.Statins and cyclosporin-A are bioactive molecules.

i) Due to the production of CO₂
ii) Anaerobic Respiration (Alcoholic Fermentation)
iii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae(yeast)

i) Cyclosporin-A ( immunosuppressant )
ii) A fungus – Trichoderma polysporum.

i) “Clot buster”- an enzyme Streptokinase
ii) micro-organism-A bacterium - Streptococcus

BOD value - 30mg/L - Secondary effluent from STP
BOD value - 8mg/L – River Water
BOD value - 500mg/L – Sewage Water
(Fact – The greater the BOD of water, the more is its pollution potential.)

i) Enzyme – Statins
ii) Microbe – yeast Monascus purpureus.

Use of Biofertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers because:-
a) Chemical fertilizers  cause pollution
b) Biofertilizers- no polution.
c) Biodegradable
d) Ecofriendly

If I had been cow , I would have rumen , I would be able to  eat  straw  which  is  a  cellulosic material and digest it with the help of Methanogens ( Methane generating  bacteria)

Gobar gas can be abundantly produced in rural areas from gobar with the help of gobar gas plants. Slury acts as an exellent increase of soil fertility. Ecofriendly i.e. it does not cause pollution when burnt.