Some leaders of the congress opposed the idea of Non - Cooperation Movement because of the following reasons.
(a) They did not want to boycott the council elections of November 1920.
(b) They thought that the movement would become violent.
(c) They wanted to oppose the government policies by participating in legislative councils.

The news of the Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy spread in the country like a forest fire. The following were the consequences.
(a) Crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. Strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings were witnessed extensively.
(b) The British used brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people. People were flogged and villages were bombed.
(c) This violence forced Gandhiji to stop the movement.

The Rowlatt Act gave the colonial government enormous powers to repress political activities and detain political prisoners without trial of two years. People's reactions were usual. Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops, and shops closed were down. Gandhiji decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed act. He wanted a non-violent civil disobedience against such unjust laws. The government sensed that the protestors may disrupt communication like railways and telegraph. Stern steps were taken against this possible threat. Local leaders were arrested and Gandhiji was not allowed to enter Delhi. The police in Amritsar fired upon a peaceful procession, which led to attack on banks, post offices and railway stations by the protestors. Finally, Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took the command of the city.

According to Gandhiji, satyagraha stressed on the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It advocated that for the struggle against injustice and right cause, the use of physical force cannot be the right way. One can win the oppressor even by appealing to his conscience. Rather than using violence against him it is important is the most effective method of protest. It is certain that the truth always wins.

(i) Gandhiji chose salt as the medium for protesting against the British rule.
(ii) 31^st January 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin starting eleven demands ranging from industrialists to peasants.
(iii) The most important of the demands was the abolition of salt tax as salt was the most essential commodity for the common man.
(iv) The government was asked to accept the demand by 11^th march, failing which a civil disobedience movement would be started.
(v) On refusal of demands, salt march started from Gandhi's ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarat coastal town of Dandi, spanning a distance of 240 miles.
(vi) On 6^th April 1930, Gandhi reached dandi with thousands of followers and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt from sea water.
(vii) This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Satyagraha is a method of agitation and protest based on truth and non-violence. It was first introduced by Mahatma Gandhi in the National Movement. The method was passive resistance, consisting of defiance of laws, non-payment of taxes, boycott of government institutions, etc.
First, Gandhiji applied Satyagraha in 1916 in Champaran district of Bihar to help the peasant against the unjust plantation owners. Then he organised Satyagraha in Kheda district of Gujarat in support of peasants in 1917 and also in Ahmedabad in favour of cotton mill workers in 1918.

The adoption of Non - Cooperation programme was the outcome of Congress session at Nagpur in 1920.

Hind Swaraj was written by Mahatma Gandhi.

The idea of Khilafat - Non - Cooperation was accepted at the Indian National Congress Session in Calcutta (Kolkata) in September 1920.

On 13th April 1919.

The Khilafat Committee was formed on March 1919 in Bombay.

Jawaharlal Nehru presided over the Lahore Congress Session in December 1929. The following were the immediate outcomes of this session.
(a) The demand for Purna Swaraj or complete independence was formalised.
(b) It was declared that 26 January 1930 will be celebrated as the Independence Day.
(c) People were asked to take a pledge to struggle for complete independence.
(d) Gandhiji tried to find a way to relate this idea of freedom to issues of everyday life. This later came in the form of famous Civil Disobedience Movement.

(i) Merchants reacted against colonial policies that restricted business activities.
(ii) They wanted protection against import of foreign goods and wanted a rupee-sterling exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
(iii) Industrialists formed the Indian Industrial and commercial Congress in 1920.
(iv) They formed the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries in 1927.
(v) They refused to sell or buy imported goods. They gave financial assistance and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(vi) Industrialists like G.D. Birla and Purshottamdas Thakurdas attacked colonial control over the Indian economy.