The two reasons which show that caste alone cannot determine election results in India are
(i) No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community. When people say, the caste is a 'vote bank' of one party, it usually means that a large proportion of voters from that caste vote for that party.
(ii) No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. So, every candidate and party needs to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.

Different forms of the communal politics:
(a) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religious. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.
(b) A communal mind often leads to political dominance of one's own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, it takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
(c) Political mobilization on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders and emotional appeal, in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. In electoral politics, this often involves special appeal of votes in the name of religion.
(d) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the Partition. The post-independence period has also seen large-scale communal violence.

(i) As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more and want to make democracy even better. That is why when we ask people about the way democracy functions, they will always come up with more expectations, and many complaints.
(ii) The fact that people are complaining itself is a testimony to the success of democracy, it shows that people have developed awareness and the ability to expect and to look critically at power holders and the high and the mighty.
(iii) A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project: it transforms people from the status of a subject under a King into that of a citizen.
(iv) Most individuals today believe that their vote makes a difference to the way the government is run and to their own self-interest.

In a democratic government, a citizen has the right and the means to examine the decisions taken by the govt. It is known as transparency.

In our society, every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. In this respect, democratic form of government stands much superior to any other form of government in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual in the following ways
(i) Often conflict arises among individuals because some feel that they are not treated with equal respect in comparison to others. It is very common in non-democratic countries. But in democracy, respect and freedom are the basis of it. Democracy throughout the world has recognised this atleast in principle.
(ii) Most societies were historically male dominating. The status of women was not satisfactory. After long struggles by women, democracy throughout the world has recognised equal treatment and respect to women at least in principles. In democracy, it becomes easier for women to wage a struggle against what is now unacceptable legally and morally for them.
(iii) Democracy in India has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and opportunity, which is not possible in any non-democratic country.

(i) There are many feminists and women's movements worked to ensure more women as elected representatives.
(ii) In India, the proportion of women in the legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has crossed 10 percent of its total strength for the first time in 2009. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 percent. In this respect India is among the bottom group of nations in the world
(iii) On way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. This is what the Panchayat Raj has done in India.
(iv) Women organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha Assemblies for women.

If we are not religious, it means we don't believe in God, i.e. there are no deities. Communalism is a social phenomena which is based on the idea that religion is the principal basis of social community.
It believes that people who follow different religions cannot belong to the same social community. Sometimes it takes its ugliest form in communal violence, riots and massacre. So, communalism needs to be combated.
Secularism means, there is no state religion. State should respect all religions. India does not have an official state religion. So, whether I am religious or not, I must be secular and should not favour or discriminate against any religion. This attitude only can maintain a healthy atmosphere in our country.

(d) Democracies do not appear to be very successful in reducing economic inequalities.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A