The cotton industry is the largest industry in India today because of the following reasons.
(a) The cotton textile industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
(b) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly - the second largest after agriculture.
(c) Its share in GDP in terms of foreign exchange is considerable.

Different forms of the communal politics:
(a) The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one's religion over other religious. This is so common that we often fail to notice it, even when we believe in it.
(b) A communal mind often leads to political dominance of one's own religious community. For those belonging to majority community, it takes the form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community, it can take the form of a desire to form a separate political unit.
(c) Political mobilization on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders and emotional appeal, in order to bring the followers of one religion together in the political arena. In electoral politics, this often involves special appeal of votes in the name of religion.
(d) Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of the Partition. The post-independence period has also seen large-scale communal violence.

(i) Economic inequality and poverty are the twin problems of India. Different political parties are committed to remove these since it is included in their election manifesto.
These are responsive to the needs of the people. The elected Government from time to time started a number of poverty alleviation programmes to reduce poverty in India.
(ii) More over many employment scheme like Rural Works Programme, National Rural Employment Programme etc. are started by democratic Government in India.

Political parties can be easily seen as one of the most visible institutions in democracies all over the world. The need of political parties lies in the facts - 
(1) It brings different representatives together so that a responsible government can be formed.
(2) They act as a mechanism to restrict the government from framing any unjust policies or laws.
(3) For most ordinary citizens, democracy means political parties. It happens because political parties fulfill the needs and aspirations of the people. So, political parties are in fact, a necessary condition in modern democracies.

The characteristics of a political party are
(i) They reflect fundamental political division in a society.
(ii) Parties are a part of society and thus involve partisanship.
(iii) They seek to implement policies and programmes of their agenda by winning popular support through election.
(iv) They are formed to promote the collective good through policies and programmes.

(i) The differences between ferrous and non-ferrous mineral are

(ii) The differences between conventional and non-conventional sources of energy are

Secularism refers to the separation of religion from the state. It means that the state should not discriminate among its citizens on the basis of religion. It should neither encourage nor discourage the followers of any religion.
In India main features of secularism are
(i) There is no official religion for the Indian states, i.e. unlike Sri Lanka (Buddhism), Pakistan (Islam) and England (Christianity).
(ii) All individuals and communities have the freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion or not to follow any religion.
(iii) It prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(iv) It allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities, viz. it bans untouchability.

In India women still lag behind men despite some improvements since independence. This can be analysed in the following ways
(i) As India is still dominated by Patriarchal society, gender discrimination is prevalent at present. Parents prefer to spend money for boy's education, thus dropout among girl child is high in schools.
(ii) Girls perform as well as boys in school, but the literacy rate among women in only 54 percent compared with 76 percent among men.
(iii) The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very little. Much of her work is not paid and therefore not valued.
(iv) In almost all areas of work, women are paid less than the men, even when both works exactly the same.
(v) Women still face harassment, exploitation and violence in out society.

The following are the differences between the national parties and regional parties.

Main functions of a political party are:
(1) To contest elections
In democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by different political parties. Parties select their candidates in different ways. In India top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.
(2) Forming policies and programmes
Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them.
(3) Making laws
When parties come into power, they make laws for the country. Formally laws are debated and passed in the Legislature. Members of the ruling party follow the directions of the party leaders, irrespective of their personal opinions.
(4) Parties form and run government
Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run government in the way they want.
(5) Role of opposition Parties that lose in elections, play the role of opposition to the parties in power by criticizing the government for its failure or wrong policies.
(6) Shaping public opinion
They raise and highlight issues. Parties have lot of members and activities spread all over the country. Many of the pressure groups are extension of political parties among different sections of the society. Parties, sometimes also launch movements for the resolutions of problems faced by people.
(7) Access to government machinery and welfare schemes
For any ordinary citizen it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to the parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to respective to people's needs and demands.

(i) Democracies accommodate various social divisions. for example, Belgium has peacefully solved her ethnic problems and solved the differences.
(ii) All democracies usually develop a procedure to competition, i.e. conduct elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social divisions, turning violent or explosive.
(iii) Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolves conflicts among different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point in democratic regime is the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.
(iv) A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the government represents the general view.
(v) A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that in case of every election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every citizens has a chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis of birth. All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.

(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture.
(ii) They also reduce the heavy dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs.
(iii) Industrial development reduces unemployment and poverty.
(iv) It also brings down regional disparities. v.Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce, and brings foreign exchange.
(v) Prosperity of our country depends on transforming raw materials into furnished goods of higher value and diversifying our industries.
(vi) Industrial sector contributes 27% of GDP and manufacturing contributes 17% of GDP. 

Five measures or steps to control or minimise industrial pollution in India are as follows
(i) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators.
(ii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories.
(iii) Updated machinery and equipment should be used that makes less noise and generators should be fitted with silencers.
(iv) Pollution check certificates should be made compulsory.
(v) Machineries used in the industries can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. Noise absorbing material may also be used.

(a) Odisha- Jharkhand Belt:
Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts of Orissa have high grade hematite ore. Additionally, hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
(b) Durg- Bastar-ChandrapurBelt:
This belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh has very high grade hematite ore. This hilly range as 14 deposits of super high grade hematite ore. Iron from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakapatnam port.
(c) Bellary-Chitradurga-Chikmaglur- Tumkur Belt:
This belt lies in Karnataka. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats are a 100 percent export unit. The ore from these mines is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near Mangalore.
(d) Maharashtra-Goa Belt:
This belt includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. The ores in these mines are not of very high quality. They' are exported through Marmagao port.

(i) Energy is the basic requirement for economic development.
(ii) Every sector of national economy agriculture, industry, transport and commerce needs greater inputs of energy.
(iii) In the domestic sector also energy demands in the form of electricity are growing because of increasing use of electric gadgets and appliances.
(iv) The economic development plans implemented since independence necessarily required increasing amount of energy.
(v) Because of all these, per capita consumption of energy is continuously increasing.

(a) Conservation of minerals resources is essential because:
   (i) The formation of minerals takes a long geological period of millions of years.
   (ii) They are finite, i.e. limited in nature.
   (iii) Many of them are non-renewable and exhaustible.
   (iv) The rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of consumption.
   (v) They have to be preserved for our future generations because they are very important for industrial development of the nation.
(b) Methods of conserving mineral resources.
   (i) We should use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
   (ii) Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost.
   (iii) Recycling of metals.
   (iv) Using scrap metals and other substitutes.
   (v) Wastages in mining, processing and distribution should be minimized.
   (vi) Controlled export of minerals.

A system under which only one political party is allowed to function in the country is called one party system

A Feminist Movement is a movement aimed at equality in personal and family life for men and women.

Democracy is preferred as the better form of government because it ensure people's rule based on popular consensus and enhances the dignity of the individual.

Urbanisation means shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

One third of seats in local government bodies - in panchayats and municipalities - are now reserved for women. Now there are more than 10 lakh elected women representatives in rural and urban local bodies.

1. In almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
2. The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work.
3. The Equal Rating Act, 1976.
4. Kings

1. alliance
2. Only 'A' and 'B
3. coalition
4. Communist Party of India

1. Manganese is mainly used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.
2. Nearly 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of steel.
3. Manganese is mainly used in manufacturing of ferro-manganese alloy.
4. Manganese is used to manufacture bleaching powder.