(i) The rivers in India are continuously being polluted due to population growth, agricultural modernisation, urbanisation and industrialisation. All these factors have become enormous and growing day by day leading to pressure on our rivers and thus resulting into pollution. This situation makes the entire life stands threatened
(ii) The need of the hour is to conserve and manage our water resources, to safeguard ourselves from health hazards, to ensure food security, continuation of our livelihoods and productive activities and also to prevent degradation of our natural ecosystems. Over exploitation and mismanagement of water resources will impoverish this resource and cause ecological crisis that may have profound impact on our live.

This problem can be solved by installing a rooftop rainwater harvesting system.
The procedure or working of rooftop rainwater is a typical method. The rainwater falling on the roof is collected through a PVC pipe and filtered using sand and bricks. Then, it is collected in the sump for immediate use.
Excess water from the sump is transferred to a well, which recharges the groundwater. Any further requirement of water can be taken from the well. Sometimes, a hand pump is attached to the pipe that connects the sump. With the use of hand pump, the collected rain water can then be drain out and used.

The reasons for launching multi-purpose river projects in India after independence and giving then importance, are as follow
(i) Electricity generation is one of the objectives of multi-purpose projects. lndia generates approximately 22 per cent of its energy needs through these projects.
(ii) They control floods by storing excess water in their reservoirs.
(iii) During the dry season, the stored water in these projects can be used to irrigate the fields.
(iv) Trees are systematically planted around reservoirs in these projects which help in preserving the natural eco-system as well as wildlife.

Differences between or main features of Rabi and Kharif cropping season are as follows

Hari will cultivate sugarcane as his farmland in Uttar Pradesh is more suitable for that crop. Sugarcane is a plantation crop.
The conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane are as follows 
(i) It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop that requires temperature between 21^o-27^oC and rainfall from 75-100 cm.
(ii) It grows well in fertile, well drained soil and hot and humid type of climate.
(iii) It is an annual crop and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.

Urbanisation has added to water scarcity. It is because today urban areas are densely populated. The lifestyle of urban areas requires huge consumption of water and power. To manage the shortage of water, housing societies and buildings have their own pumping devices to draw groundwater. This has resulted in depletion of fresh water resources and over exploitation of groundwater. Therefore, urbanisation have aggravated the problem of water scarcity.

(i) Pulses are mostly grown in rotation with other crops, and they fix nitrogen from air with soil and restore the soil fertility.
(ii) Plantation is an agricultural activity that produces raw material for various industries like tea, sugarcane, etc. Thus, it is an interface of agriculture and industry.
(iii) The technique of Jhumming or slash and burn agriculture will be applied here. Farmers will burn the plant cover on a patch of land to clear it and will do cultivation there.

Reasons due to which subsistence agriculture is still practised are
(i) Plots of land are fragmented and small, so large scale farming cannot be done.
(ii) Large number of family members in rural areas depend on agriculture which makes it necessary to grow crops for self consumption.
(iii) Poor farmers do not have the resources to buy better inputs like fertilisers, pesticides, irrigation, facilities and other modern means.

(i) Tankas were very useful in collecting rainwater. The raindrops falling on roof tops were transported to tankas through water pipes. Rainwater was stored in the tankas for its use throughout the year specially in semi-arid and arid regions.
(ii) No, fresh water in rivers are now polluted and intoxicated, Smaller rivers are almost diluted and big rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, etc are also far from being pure now.
(iii) The Gendathur village has set a unique example of rain water harvesting by installing rooftop rainwater harvesting systems. Each of 200 households collects and uses total 100,000 liters of water annually.

Traditional harvesting system is a useful system co conserve and score water. Some traditional water harvesting systems practised in India are
(i) In Rajasthan the system of using underground tanks is popular. It is important for scoring water for domestic use.
(ii) In hilly areas like Himachal Pradesh, the system of using diversion channels is called 'Guls' and 'Kuls'. These are used for storing water for irrigation.
(iii) In Meghalaya, the bamboo pipe drip irrigation • system is used. It is used to irrigate crops.

Multi-purpose river projects are 'Temples of Modern India' due to following reasons
1. The multi-purpose projects controls flood as well as useful in irrigation, power generation •.fish breeding, etc.
2. The multi-purpose projects were considered to bring development in agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth in the urban economy.
3. The dams were an important symbol of these projects and consequently of the modernisation of India. That is why Nehru called dams as the 'Temples of Modern India'.

After independence, India initiated multi-purpose river projects through the five year plans. The reasons for launching multi-purpose river projects in India after independence are as follows
1. Electricity generation is one of the objectives of multi-purpose projects. India generates approximately 22 percent of its energy needs through this.
2. These projects control floods by storing excess water in their reservoirs.
3. During the dry season, the stored water in these projects can be used to irrigate the fields.
4. Trees are systematically planted around reservoirs in these projects which help in preserving the natural eco-system as well as wildlife.

Urbanisation has added to water scarcity. It is because today urban areas are densely populated. The lifestyle of urban areas requires huge consumption of water and power. To manage the shortage of water, housing societies and buildings have their own pumping devices to draw groundwater. This has resulted in depletion of fresh water resources and over exploitation of groundwater. Therefore, urbanisation have aggravated the problem of water scarcity.

Water scarcity may be an outcome of large and growing population in India.
It can be analysed through the following points
(i) Post-independent India witnessed intensive industrialisation and urbanisation. This situation increased water demand.
(ii) The growing demand of water by the growing population leads the over-exploitation of water resources for various purposes. For example, for drinking, domestic uses, agriculture, electricity generation and so on.
(iii) Increasing urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have not only added to water and energy requirements but have further aggravated the problem of water scarcity.

(i) NarmadaBachao Andolan or save Narmada Movement is a Non-Governmental organisation (NGO).
(ii) It mobilised the tribal people, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activist against the Sardar Sarovar dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat.
(iii) It originally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the dam water.
(iv) Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens especially the displaced people to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.

Four examples of hydraulic structures in India developed in ancient times are:
(i) For channelling the floodwater of Ganga, water harvesting system was built near Allahabad in the first century B.C.
(ii) Dams, lakes and irrigation systems were built during the time of Chandragupta Maurya.
(iii) Sophisticated irrigation systems were found in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
(iv) In the 11^th century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artificial lakes of its time, was built.
(v) The tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area in the 14^th century.

Water conservation is essential mainly:
(i) To protect ourselves from health hazards.
(ii) For sustained food production.
(iii) For preservation of natural ecosystem.
(iv) For continued livelihood and other human activities.
We can conserve water by constructing hydraulic structures such as
(a) Dams
(b) Reservoirs or lakes
(c) Embankments and canals for irrigation

Water conservation is essential mainly:
(i) To protect ourselves from health hazards.
(ii) For sustained food production.
(iii) For preservation of natural ecosystem.
(iv) For continued livelihood and other human activities.
We can conserve water by constructing hydraulic structures such as
(a) Dams
(b) Reservoirs or lakes
(c) Embankments and canals for irrigation

It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra Government for a multi-purpose project. This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for agriculture and industry.

(i) When Vinoba Bhave was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers demanded some land for their economic well-being.
(ii) Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 landless villagers.
(iii) This act was known as 'Bhoodan'.
(iv) Following this some Zamindars, owners of many villages, offered to distribute some villages among the landless.
(v) This act was known as Gramdan.
(vi) This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Blood-less Revolution.

(a) Mangoes - Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
(b) Oranges - Nagpur, Maghalaya
(c) Apples - Jammu Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh
(d) Bananas - Kerela, Mizoram.

(a) Maize is a coarse grain and used as both food and folder.
(b) It is grown under varied soil and climatic conditions.
(c) It grows well in areas of 50 to 100cm o rain and in areas of less rain it is grown under irrigation.
(d) It grows well under temperature between \({ 21 }^{ \circ }C\ and\ { 27 }^{ \circ }C\)grows well in old alluvial soil.
(e) It requires well-drained fertile soil.
(f) It is cultivated mainly as a kharif crop.
(g) Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh.

Pulses like Tur, Arhar and Urad are kharif crops and Moong and Masur, Peas and Gram are rabi crops. Plants of pulses help in restoring fertility of the soil and hence they are grown in rotation with other crops. Two important pulses are Gram and Tur. Gram is produced in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan and Tur is produced in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

It can be inferred that tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate through the year.

(i) Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon season in India.
(ii) Some of the pulses are kharif crop while some are rabi crop.

The situation where water is sufficiently available to meet the needs of the people but still suffers from water scarcity can arise due to pollution caused by domestic and industrial wastes, as well as chemicals, pesticides and fertilisers used in agriculture.
In such cases, even though these may be an abundance of water, its quality is not good, making it hazardous for human use. The pollution can lead the water scarcity issues despite the presence of enough water supply.

A large population poses threat to water scarcity due to excessive use and unequal access to water among different social groups, and the increased demand for water for domestic use and producing food by large population.