Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) provides guaranteed 100 days of employment per year to those who are able to, and are in need of work in the rural areas. It has now been extended to villages in over 625 districts.
Thus, it provides employment to rural people in the activities specified under the scheme and has helped in reducing the number of unemployed population in India.

The four major proposals! features of the Vienna Congress were
(i) The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power and France lost the territories it had annexed.
(ii) A series of states were set up on the boundaries. of France to prevent the French expansion in future. Thus, the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the North, and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the South.
(iii) Prussia was given important new territories on its Western frontiers, while Austria was given control of Northern Italy.
(iv) The German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.

He was an Italian revolutionary, born in Genoa in 1807.  He became the member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria in 1831.  He founded two underground societies Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.  The members of these societies were from Poland,  France, Italy and the German states.  He contributed to the unification of Italy.  He inspired the youth of Italy with national ideas.  Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'. His harsh opposition to kingdoms and his vision of democratic republic frightened the traditionalist.

The growth of nationalism did not come only through wars but also through the different forms of culture such as art, poetry, dance, music tic contributed to the growth of nationalism. The following three examples will show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe: -
Example 1 - Romanticism - It is a cultural movement which developed nationalist sentiment through creative works like painting, poetry, literature, folk songs, dances etc. It focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. They aimed to create a sense of collective heritage as the basis of a nation.
Example 2 - Emphasis on Vernacular Language - It carried the modern nationalist message to people who were illiterate. Though Poland is no longer existed as an independent nation, national feelings were kept alive through music and language. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national struggle through music, folk dances into nationalist symbols.
Example 3 - Johann Gottfried Herder - According to him, German culture was inculcated to the common people through folk songs, folk poetry and folk dances. So collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was essential to the nation - building.

Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him:-
(a) The Civil Code introduced by him in 1804 abolished all privileges based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.
(b) He divided the administrative divisions.
(c) He abolished the feudal system and free peasants from serfdom and dues.
(d) He removed guild restrictions in the towns.
(e) He improved transport and communication systems.
(f) Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen were given freedom.
(g) he introduced uniform laws, standardised weight and measures.
(h) He introduced a common national currency.
(i) His code was applicable to regions under French control to create a feeling of oneness among all people of the French empire.

This is a situation where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.

The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year.  And the sum of production in the three sectors gives which is called the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

Greece was the part of Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.
(a) The Greeks were influenced by the growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe and they started a struggle for their independence in 1821.
(b) Nationalists in Greece got support from the Greeks residing in different countries.
(c) Even the West European countries sympathised with the Greek and their ancient culture.
(d) Poets and artists too admired Greece as the basis of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion in its support. English poet Lord Byron even organised fund and participated in the war.
(e) Finally, in 1832, Greece was recognised as an independent nation by the Treaty of Constantinople.

(a) In any country several services such as hospitals, educational institutions, post and telegraph services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal  corporations , defence, transport, banks, insurance companies, etc. are required.  These can be considered as basic services.  In a developing country the government has to take responsibility for the provision of these services.
(b) The development of agriculture and industry leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage and the like, as we have already seen.  Greater the development of the primary and secondary sectors, more would be the demand for such services.
(c) As income levels rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping, private hospitals, private schools, professional training etc.  These changes can be seen in cities, especially in big cities.
(d) Over the past decade or so, certain new services such as those based on information and communication technology have become important and essential.  The production of these services has been rising rapidly.

The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues
(i) Wages They are low and not regular. There is no provision for overtime, paid leave, etc. Minimum wages rules should be implemented strictly.
(ii) Safety Construction workers can get injured while working and they need to work under safe conditions. There should be a check on the working conditions along with the provision of insurance.
(iii) Health Long working hours and unhygienic working environment affect the health of the workers adversely. Health insurance along with a fixed number of working hours should be made mandatory.

(a) Heroism and Justice

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A