Yes, it is true that caste has not still disappeared from contemporary India. Some of the suitable arguments related to this are as follows
Despite constitutional safeguards, untouchability still persists in our society.
A substantial number of low caste individuals continue to lack access to education.
Caste and economic status continue to be associated with each other.
Most individuals get married inside their tribe or caste.

(i) The reasons for low level of women participation in politics are
Low literacy rate among the women as well as they are not politically motivated.
It is not considered a good profession for women to join politics.
Political parties in India didn't provide women candidates tickets to fight election from a particular area.
(ii) The proper representation of women in legislature can solve the problem of gender based discrimination in the following ways
It will bring in more women-friendly laws,
It will bring better policing that will help in greater security for women and better law enforcement.

Communalism can pose a great threat to the Indian democracy in the following ways
Communalism leads to the belief that people belonging to different religions cannot live as equal citizens within one nation. Either one of them must dominate the rest or they must form a different nation.
It further believed that any attempt to gather all followers of one religion in a context other than religion is bound to suppress many voices within the community.

(i) Women in our society face harassment, exploitation and violence. They are not even safe in their home.
(ii) Women participation in Lok Sabha is just 12 per cent in 2014 election. But government sanctioned one-third of the seats of local government for women. This help women in local level to improve their overall conditions.
(iii) When social divisions became a political issue then it can be rectified through introducing law. In our country if women reservation bill will be passed in Lok Sabha it will allot one-third seats to women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies. It will help to recite the social divisions to some extent between men and women in our society.

The measures to integrate the people belonging to different ethnic group in a society are
(i) Everyone, including political leaders, social reformers and general people, should discourage casteism and work for socio-economic and political harmony.
(ii) The political and regional political parties based on caste should be removed.
(iii) The name and aim of educational institutions referring to castes should be given up.

(i) In Belgium minority French speaking community (40%) was rich and powerful. This angered the Dutch speaking community who got the opportunities later. This led to the development of tension between the communities.
(ii) Sri Lanka has a diverse population. The major social groups are Sinhala speakers and the Tamil speakers. Among the Tamil speakers (18%) there are two subgroups, viz Sri Lankan Tamils (13%) and Indian Tamils (5%). Over the year, the relation between Sinhala and Tamil became strained.
(iii) When the government takes the policy of Majoritanism, then it can dominate the other social groups. For example, Sri Lanka shows us that the Sinhala speaking majority community wants to force its dominance over others social groups and refuses to share power. This disturbs the unity of the country.

In Belgium, the tension existed between the Dutch and French speaking people in the following ways
(i) The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This made the Dutch-speaking community angry who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.
(ii) The social disparity between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960s led to tensions between them.
(iii) The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels, the capital of Belgium, as the Dutch-speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in Brussels.

The ethnic composition of Belgium is very complex. It is stated in the following points
(i) It has two main languages i.e. Dutch and French. Of the country's total population, 59% lives in the Flemish region and speaks Dutch language
(ii) 40% people of Belgium live in the Wallonia region and speak French. Remaining 1% speak German.
(iii) In the capital city Brussels, 80% people speak French while 20% are Dutch-speaking.
(iv) The minority French-speaking people are more rich and powerful than the Dutch-speaking people.

It is the movement organized by various women organizations to create equality for women in all spheres of life.
The major demands of this movement are as follows:
(a) Enhancing the political and legal status of women.
(b) Improving their educational and career opportunities.
(c) Equality in personal and family life of women.
(d) Extension of voting rights to women.

(i) Caste is an important source of economic inequality because it regulates access to resources of various kinds. For example, in the past, the Dalits were treated as 'untouchables' and were denied the right to own land and get education, which only the 'twice born' castes or Brahmins had the right to education.
(ii) Caste system prevents occupational mobility. People are not take up any profession other than their family profession even though they are talented in other fields because of the rigidity of the caste system.

Communalism poses a great threat to the democracy in the following ways:
(a) It distorts secular values of the country.
(b) It can disintegrate a nation.
(c) It always leads to violence and riots.
(d) Even human rights are threatened.

A state that has no official religion and grants equal status to all religions is called a secular state. The Constitution of India ensures secularism through the following provisions
(i) There is no official language for India.
(ii) Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give any special status to any religion .
(iii) Under the Right to Freedom of Religion, our Constitution provides to all citizens freedom to profess, practise and propagate any religion or not to follow any.
(iv) Our Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
(v) The Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.

Sri Lanka emerged as an independent country in 1948. There were two major communities- Sinhalese and Tamilians. The Sinhalese were in majority, and hence, after being elected to power, the Sinhalese leaders followed a series of majoritarian policies in order to ascertain the supremacy of their community.
(1) In 1956, an act was passed and Sinhala was recognised as the only official language of Sri Lanka disregarding Tamil.
(2) The governments followed preferential policies that favoured Sinhala applicants for university positions and government jobs.
(3) A new constitution stipulated that the state shall protect and foster-Buddhism.
(4) A feeling of alienation was seen among the Sri Lankan Tamils.
(5) The Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles for the recognition of Tamil as an official language, for regional autonomy and equality of opportunity in securing education and jobs.
(6) This was denied by the Sinhala dominated government.
(7) By 1980s, several political organizations were formed demanding an independent Tamil Eelam (state) in northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka.
(8) These differences in the two different communities pushed Sri Lanka into the state of civil war.
(9) In Sri Lanka, the idea of majoritarianism crumbled the country in a civil war

Communalism can take several forms in politics like
(i) The most common expression of communalism is of communal superiority in our everyday beliefs. For example, Militant religious groups.
(ii) Sometimes, communalism takes its worst form in riots. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition.
(iii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious community.
(iv) Political mobilisation based on religion is another form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal to bring the followers of one religion together in political areas. In India. politicians are trying to influence voters exploiting their religious sentiments from the two largest religious communities in the country.

In India, women are discriminated and disadvantaged in the following ways:
(i) Low literacy: The literacy rate among women is only 54% compared with 76% among men. Similarly, a smaller proportion of girl students go for higher studies. When we look at school results, girls and boys perform equally, if not better in some places. But they drop out because parents prefer to spend their resources for their boy's education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
(ii) Low Position: The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small. On an average, an Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
(iii) Low Pay: The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
(iv) Preference of a male child: In many parts of India, parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex-selective abortion led to a decline in child sex ratio (number of girl children per thousand boys) in the country to merely 927.
(v) Exploitation: There are reports of various kinds of harassment, exploitation, and violence against women. Urban areas have become particularly unsafe for women. They are not safe even within their own home from beating, harassment and other forms of domestic violence.

Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:
(a) Horizontal division of power:
It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary is an example of horizontal division of power. In such a power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. This separation of powers ensures that no organ exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, thereby putting in place a system of checks and balances. The division of power between the Council of Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the Indian Supreme Court is an example of this kind of power sharing.
(b) Vertical division of power:
It is the sharing of power among governments at different levels - a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines the way power is to be shared between the Central or Union government and the various State governments. There are certain matters on which only the Central government can take decisions, while there are others on which only an individual state government has an exclusive right for decision making. 
(c) Division of power among social groups:
Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially. The system of 'community government' in Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German speaking) and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example.
(d) Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements:
Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power (the different political parties or the different alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements also share governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the decision making process.

Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:
(a) Horizontal division of power:
It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary is an example of horizontal division of power. In such a power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. This separation of powers ensures that no organ exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, thereby putting in place a system of checks and balances. The division of power between the Council of Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the Indian Supreme Court is an example of this kind of power sharing.
(b) Vertical division of power:
It is the sharing of power among governments at different levels - a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines the way power is to be shared between the Central or Union government and the various State governments. There are certain matters on which only the Central government can take decisions, while there are others on which only an individual state government has an exclusive right for decision making. 
(c) Division of power among social groups:
Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially. The system of 'community government' in Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German speaking) and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example.
(d) Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements:
Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power (the different political parties or the different alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements also share governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the decision making process.

Different forms of power sharing in modern democracies:
(a) Horizontal division of power:
It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government. The division of government into the executive, the legislature and the judiciary is an example of horizontal division of power. In such a power sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercise different powers. This separation of powers ensures that no organ exercises unlimited power. Each organ checks the others, thereby putting in place a system of checks and balances. The division of power between the Council of Ministers headed by the Indian Prime Minister, the Parliament of India and the Indian Supreme Court is an example of this kind of power sharing.
(b) Vertical division of power:
It is the sharing of power among governments at different levels - a general government for the entire country and governments at the provincial or regional level. For example, in India, the Constitution defines the way power is to be shared between the Central or Union government and the various State governments. There are certain matters on which only the Central government can take decisions, while there are others on which only an individual state government has an exclusive right for decision making. 
(c) Division of power among social groups:
Power can also be shared among different groups which differ socially. The system of 'community government' in Belgium is an example of this type of power division. This government is elected by people belonging to one language community (Dutch, French and German speaking) and has the power to take decisions regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. The system of reserved constituencies in India is another example.
(d) Division of power between political parties, pressure groups and movements:
Political parties are the organisations which aim to control power by contesting elections. In a democracy, citizens have the freedom to choose among the various contenders for power (the different political parties or the different alliances comprising political parties). Such a freedom of choice entails competition among the different parties, which in turn ensures that power does not remain in one hand, and is shared among different political parties representing different ideologies and social groups. Pressure groups and movements also share governmental power, either through participation in governmental committees or by influencing the decision making process.

(i) The four social reformers are Jyotiba Phule, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. BR Ambedkar and Periyar Ramaswami who advocated and worked to establish a society in which caste inequalities are absent.
(ii) Two ways to break the caste hierarchy system within the Indian society are spread of education and urbanisation.

The web search results reflect the over-representation of women as teachers and men as pilots indicates traditional notions of job roles. The role of teaching is considered a caregiving job suitable for women while the pilot is regarded as a physically and mentally demanding job ideal for men.

The role of women is gradually enhancing in the politics of the country. This can be seen from the reservation for women in Panchayati Raj institutions. It was implemented under the 73rd Amendment. It ensures a minimum of one-third seats for women in local bodies. The purpose is to encourage women's active participation and empowerment in governance.