Culture played an important role in creating the idea of a nation in Europe in the following ways.
(a) Art, music, literature and drama helped to express, shape and strengthen nationalist sentiments.
(b) Romantics like the German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder held the view that true German culture could be discovered only among the common people, the das volk.
(c) Glorification of reason and science was criticised by the romantic artists, rather they favoured emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
(d) Language too boosted nationalism. The Polish people opposed the Russian occupation and the ban on Polish language, by using it in the Church gathering for all religious ceremonies and for religious instruction. The Polish language became a weapon of the nationalists.
(e)Two Germans, Grimm Brothers, used stories and folktales written in German to promote the German spirit against the domination of the French.
(f) Operas and music, like that of Karol Kurpinski, kept alive the national spirit.
(g) Folk dances like the polonaise and mazurka became national symbols.

(i) The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (Central Government) and the State governments.
(ii) A third tier of federalism was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities.
(iii) These different tiers enjoy separate jurisdiction.
(iv) The Constitution provided a threefold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments.
(v) Thus, it contains three lists.
(a) Union List
It includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency. These are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List.
(b) State List
It contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation. The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List.
(c) Concurrent List
It includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession.
Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list. If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail. 

There are two main reasons for power sharing:
(a) Prudential Reason: A prudential reason for power sharing is that it leads to an avoidance of conflict between social groups.  Since social conflict often leads to violence and political instability, power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of political order.  In India, seats have been reserved in legislatures for the socially weaker sections keeping in mind this prudential reason for power sharing.
(b) Moral Reason: A moral reason for power sharing is that it upholds the spirit of democracy. In a truly democratic setup, the citizens too have a stake in governance.  In India, the citizens can come together to debate and criticise the policies and decisions of the government.  This in turn, puts pressure on the policies and decisions of the government.  This in turn, puts pressure on the government to rethink its policies and reconsider its decisions.  This active political participation is in keeping with the moral reason for power sharing.
 

The French revolutionaries took the following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people
(i) They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen(the citizen), emphasising the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.
(ii) They chose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv) In the name of the nation, new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
(v) They established a centralised administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizens.
(vi) They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures.
(vii) All internal custom duties were abolished.
(viii) They promoted the French language, as spoken and written in Paris and discouraged regional dialects.
(ix) They declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate people of Europe from despotism. It is meant that they would help other people of Europe to become nation-states like them.

Organisations like Young Italy and Carbonari were associated with Italy.

It is not easy to make changes to the power sharing arrangement. The parliament cannot on its own change this arrangement. Any change to it has to be first passed by both the Houses of Parliament with at least two thirds majority. Then it has to be ratified by the legislatures of at least half of the total states.

The Union government or Central government, the State governments and the Panchayats and Municipalities from together the three tier system of government.

Belgium is located in Europe.

Frederic Sorrieu was a French artist.

The following were the main reasons for the nationalist upsurge in the 19th century Europe.
(a) Apart from war and territorial expansion, it was culture which played an important role in creating the idea of a nation. Whether it was music or art, poetry or stories, every form of art contributed to expressing nationalist feelings.
(b) Romantic artists created a sense of common cultural heritage as the basis of nation building.
(c) Vernacular language became one of the important reasons as folklore, folksongs ect. promoted the spirit of nationalism.

(a) Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. In 1831, at the age of 24, he was sent to exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded underground societies named 'Young Italy' in Marseilles and 'Young Europe' in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German States. He believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind. He opposed monarchy and supported the vision of democratic republic.
(b) Cavour was the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont state, who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Like many other wealthy and educated members of the Italian elite, he spoke French much better than he did Italian. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont to defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
(c) The Greek war of independence was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries from 1821 against the Ottoman Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries, while poets and artists hailed Greece as the cradle of European civilisation. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
(d) Frankfurt parliament was an all-German National Assembly formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans belonging to the different German regions. It was convened on l8 May 1848 in the Church of St Paul, in the city of Frankfurt. This assembly drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament. However, it faced opposition from the aristocracy and military. Also, as it was dominated by the middle classes, it lost its mass support base. In the end, it was forced to disband.
(e) The Role of Women in nationalist struggles a large number of women had participated in the liberal and national movements in European countries. Women formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and took part in political meetings and demonstrations. However, they were still denied the suffrage rights or right to vote and could not enter the Frankfurt Parliament (1848) as representatives but attended only as observers.

Gram Sabha includes all the adult citizen voters of the village. It is empowered to support the Gram Panchayat body.
The four functions of Gram Sabha are
(i) It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat.
(ii) It supervises the work of the Gram Panchayat.
(iii) It approves the annual budget of the Panchayat.
(iv) It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

(i) Belgian constitution prescribes that the number of Dutch and French speaking ministers shall be equal in the central government.
(ii) Some special laws require the support of majority members from each linguistic group.  Thereby no single community can make decisions unilaterally.
(iii) The state governments are not subordinate to the central Government.  Many powers of the central government have been given to state governments of the two regions of the country.
(iv) Brussels has a separate government in which both the communities have equal representation.
(v) Apart from the central and state governments, there is a third kind of government called community government.
(vi) This government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues.