Caste can take various forms in politics.
(i) When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different caste to muster necessary support to win elections.
(ii) When governments are formed, political parties usually make sure that representatives of different castes and tribes find a place in it.
(iii) Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
(iv) There are many associations and even political parties formed in the name of castes. They openly contest in the election to protect the interests of a particular caste.
(v) Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilizing and securing political support. It also brought new consciousness among the people of castes that were hitherto treated as inferior and low. The focus on caste in politics can sometimes give an impression that elections are all about caste and nothing else.

Communalism can take several forms in politics like
(i) The most common expression of communalism is of communal superiority in our everyday beliefs. For example, Militant religious groups.
(ii) Sometimes, communalism takes its worst form in riots. India and Pakistan suffered some of the worst communal riots at the time of partition.
(iii) A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious community.
(iv) Political mobilisation based on religion is another form of communalism. This involves the use of sacred symbols, religious leaders, emotional appeal to bring the followers of one religion together in political areas. In India. politicians are trying to influence voters exploiting their religious sentiments from the two largest religious communities in the country.

Almost every country in the world has social diversities in respect to caste, race, religion, language, etc. Democracy is considered to be the most suitable form of government to accommodate these diversities.
It aims at giving equal rights and opportunities to all the citizens irrespective of caste, religion, colour, sex, race, etc.
Democracy is not simply ruled by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work for minority. Democracy does not believe in any kind of discrimination among citizens. Thus, it accommodates all social diversities.

In a Secular state there is no official religion. Freedom is given to all individuals to profess, practice and propagate any religion and no grounds of religion.

It is a male dominated society where women face disadvantage, discrimination and oppression in various ways.

Accountable government and responsive government

(i) There are many feminists and women's movements worked to ensure more women as elected representatives.
(ii) In India, the proportion of women in the legislature has been very low. For example, the percentage of elected women members in Lok Sabha has crossed 10 percent of its total strength for the first time in 2009. Their share in the state assemblies is less than 5 percent. In this respect India is among the bottom group of nations in the world
(iii) On way to solve this problem is to make it legally binding to have a fair proportion of women in the elected bodies. This is what the Panchayat Raj has done in India.
(iv) Women organizations and activists have been demanding a similar reservation of at least one-third of seats in the Lok Sabha Assemblies for women.

(i) Democracies accommodate various social divisions. for example, Belgium has peacefully solved her ethnic problems and solved the differences.
(ii) All democracies usually develop a procedure to competition, i.e. conduct elections, power-sharing, etc. This reduces the possibility of tensions, due to social divisions, turning violent or explosive.
(iii) Democracy teaches people to respect the differences and resolves conflicts among different groups peacefully. In non-democratic countries, rulers either turn a blind eye to or suppress internal differences. For example, Sri Lanka. The plus point in democratic regime is the ability to handle social differences, divisions and conflicts.
(iv) A democracy is not just a rule by majority opinion. The majority always needs to work with the minority so that the government represents the general view.
(v) A democratic government ensures that the rule by the majority does not become autocratic in terms of religion, race or linguistic group etc. It tries that in case of every election, different persons and groups can form a majority. It tries to see that every citizens has a chance to be in majority at some point of time and is not barred on the basis of birth. All these things ensured by a democratic regime lead to a peaceful and harmonious life.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(a) The sexual division of labour in India.