Concave lens.

Angle of reflection = 0 
Since, \(n=\frac { c }{ v } \)
we get, \(n=\frac { c }{ 0.6c } =\frac { 1 }{ 0.6 } \approx 1.67\)

It is a measure of the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays falling on it. It can also be defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in metres.

Biogas is considered as an ideal fuel because it 
Has a high calorific value
Produces no smoke on burning
Burns smoothly without any explosion
Leaves no residue on combustion

A good source of energy should be renewable and environment friendly.

Real image is inverted. So, magnification is negative
Thus, m=-3=\(\frac{Image \quad size}{Object \quad size}\)
\(=\frac{h_{i}}{h_{o}}=-\frac{v}{u}\)
[where, v = image distance and u = object distance]
\(\Rightarrow -3=\frac{-(v)}{(-10)}\) [\(\because\) object is placed in front of mirror]
\(\Rightarrow -3=\frac{v}{10}\)
Image distance, v = -30 cm
Negative sign shows that image is real, so it will be formed in front of the mirror.

(a) The solar cells are costly and hence the energy available from them expensive.
(b) 15 km/h is the minimum wind velocity required to obtain useful energy with a windmill.
(c) Nuclear fission is the process in which a radioactive atom splits up into smaller nuclei when struck with low energy neutrons.

(a) The solar cooker box is covered with a plane glass plate so as to prevent heat from escaping.
(b) Sun is said to be the ultimate and the original source for most of the energy present on the earth. When sun rays fall on oceans and other water bodies, the water present in the water bodies gets evaporated and rises up in the atmosphere. In the upper part of the atmosphere, this water vapour gets condensed and forms douds, which give rain on the high lands. Therefore, the rain water runs over the Sand surface towards the large water bodies. This running water over the land surfaces is called river. Therefore, the energy of running water actually originates from the solar energy. This is why solar energy of water flowing in a river is considered to be an indirect form of solar energy.
(c) The fission of nucleus is brought about by splitting the nucleus of heavy atoms, such as uranium or plutonium, with low-energy neutron bombardment. 

(a) A solar cell is a device which converts solar energy into electricity. It is a sandwich of a silicon-boron layer and a silicon-arsenic layer.
(b) Biogas is an ideal fuel for domestic use because it is a cheap and clean fuel, which does not leave behind any residue.
(c) A nuclear power plant is a device in which controlled chain reaction is used.

ii) Although wood is readily found in nature, it is still not a good source of energy because
- the energy obtained from per mass of Wood is very small.
- it produces a lot of smoke, which is very harmful for the environment and contributes to air pollution.
- using wood as a source of energy further increases the rate of deforestation.

(i) Solar constant of sun is 1.4 kW/m².
(ii) Concave mirrors are used in box type solar cookers.
(iii) It is difficult to use hydrogen as a source of energy because it has not been possible to control nuclear fusion reaction. Thus, it has not yet been possible to use energy generated from fusion reaction for anything constructive.
(iv) Fossil fuels are classified as non-renewable sources of energy because it takes a long time for them to replenish naturally. It takes millions of years for fossil fuels to replenish. With the rate at which humans are using them, they will get exhausted in the next hundred years. Thus, fossil fuels are termed as non-renewable source of energy. 

i) All fossil are the remains of the prehistoric plants and animals. Th energy of the fossil fuels is in fact that solar energy which was trapped by natural processes a long time ago.
ii) Solar energy also appears in the form of energy of water flowing in rivers as is obvious from the water cycle in nature. It is this energy which generates in hydroelectric power plants.
iii) Biomass energy is also the solar energy absorbed by the plans which convert it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
iv) Human and animals use bioenergy to carry out their life activities.
v) Solar energy is one of the main factors responsible for the movement of air in the atmosphere leading to wind energy.
vi) Solar energy is used directly in solar.

a) (i) Depletion of fossil fuels. (ii) Increase in population. (iii) Improve the quality of living
b) The energy from the sea or ocean can be obtained in any of the following three forms:
a) Wave energy
b) Tidal energy
c) Ocean thermal energy
a) Wave Energy
The energy from the sea can also b obtained in the form of sea waves When the wind blows on the surface of the sea, the very fast sea waves move on the surface possessing kinetic energy. This energy can be used generate electricity. In order to trap this energy, a wide variety of device need to be installed to turn turbine: and drive generators.
Many experimental ideas wen developed to harness this energy. 
These are as follows:
1. Setting up of floating generator: in the sea to trap the sea waves generate electricity.
2. Allowing the sea waves move and down inside large tubes. As the waves move up, the air inside the tubes is compressed and to turn a turbine to generate electricity. 
These experimental ideas many years to be installed. Thu: harnessing of sea waves energy would be possible only at those places where sea waves are very strong.
Tidal Energy The tidal waves include low tides and high tides. When the rise of sea water takes place due to gravitational pull of the moon, it is called high tide and when the fall of seawater takes place it is called low tide. The rise and fall of tidal waves takes place twice a During this period, a large movement of water takes place between the high tides and low tides resulting in the production of a very large source o energy.
The tidal energy can be harnessed only by constructing a tidal by constructing a tidal power plant across a narrow opening to the sea. During the high tides, the gates the dam are opened and the sea water is allowed to fall on the turbine t produce electricity. Thus, we can say that kinetic energy of the sea water converted into electrical energy.
During low tides, the gates of the dal are closed due to which the water level in the dam raises possessing potential energy. Now, the gates are opened and the water is allowed to fall back into the sea. This falling water is also used to rotate the turbine to generate electricity.
c) Ocean Thermal Energy
We know that a large area of sea is called ocean. The water at the surface of an ocean gets heated due to the radiation from the sun and reaches a higher temperature than the deeper levels of the ocean. This creates a temperature difference between the water at the surface of the ocean and at deeper levels of the ocean. The solar energy stored in the oceans in the form of heat is called ocean thermal energy. The heat energy produced due to the difference in the temperature Of water On the surface of the ocean and temperature of water deep into ocean. This heat energy produced can be used to produce electricity. Thus, we can define ocean thermal energy as "The heat energy due to the temperature difference between different layers of water in the Ocean' We can convert the ocean thermal energy (OTE) into electricity by ocean thermal energy conversion power plants or OTEC power plants.
The devices which are used to harness the ocean thermal energy are called ocean thermal energy conversion
[OTEC] power plants. To operate ocean thermal energy conversion [OTEC] power plant, the temperature difference between the surface water o ocean and deeper water must be 200( or more. In some ocean thermal energy conversion [OTECI power plants, the warm surface water of the ocean used to boil liquids like ammonia o chlorofluorocarbon (CFC). Then, the high-pressure vapours of the liquid an used to turn the turbine to generate electricity. The colder water from the deeper ocean is pumped up to cool the used up vapours to convert them back into liquid.

(a) Wind energy farms can be located only in vast open areas where the wind is are of 15 km/h.
Cost of wind mill is high.
The location of wind energy farms should not be on the routes of migratory birds.
The whistling and whirling of wind mill is irritating.
(b) Energy from waves can be harnessed only in coastal areas.
Wave energy will be available only where waves are very strong.
(c) Energy from tides can be harnessed only at selected places.
Technologies for harnessing energy from waves and tides are still at experimental stage and hence are less efficient and very costly.

(a)  (i) The principal focus of a diverging lens is a point on its principal axis from which light rays, originally parallel to the axis appear to diverge after passing through the diverging (concave) lens. 
(ii) The distance between pole and principal focus of a diverging lens is called the focal length in the given diagram OF is the focal length.

(b) Divergent lens (Concave lens) Focal length, f = -30 cm 
Size of the object, h₁ = 6 cm 
Image distance, v = -15 cm 
Object distance, u = ? 
Size of the image, h₂ = ? 
According to the lens formula,
\(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ v } +\frac { 1 }{ u } \)
\(\frac { 1 }{ -30 } =\frac { -1 }{ -15 } +\frac { 1 }{ u } \)
\(\Rightarrow \frac { 1 }{ u } =\frac { -1 }{ 15 } +\frac { 1 }{ 30 } =\frac { -2+1 }{ 30 } =\frac { -1 }{ 30 } \)
u=-30cm
\(\frac { { h }_{ 2 } }{ { h }_{ 1 } } =\frac { v }{ u } \)
\(\Rightarrow \frac { { h }_{ 2 } }{ 6 } =\frac { -15 }{ -30 } \)
\(\Rightarrow { h }_{ 2 }=\frac { 15 }{ 30 } \times 6=+3cm\)