(a) Kandla
(b) Marmagao
(c) Kochchi
(d) Kolkata
(e)Chennai

The factors that cause heavy damage to the railways are as follow:
Many passengers travel without tickets.
There are thefts and the railway property is often damaged.
Pulling of chains delays and disturbs the running of trains.
Carelessness on the part of officials in maintaining the tracks causes accidents.
The train drives are overworked and underpaid.

Airways are the fastest, more comfortable and prestigious mode of transport in recent times. They can easily cross over geographical boundaries and vast stretches of seas and oceans. Airways can negotiate difficult terrain like high mountains, dissected terrain, dreary desert and dense forests with great ease, within short period of time. Fast international travel between countries of the world has been possible because of the development of airways. Airways play a vital role during natural and man-made calamities like floods, famines, earthquakes, epidemics and war. They help in rescue operations and provide relief to the people in affected area within a short time. Two merits of airways are:
(a) It is the fastest mode of transportation. Thousands of kilometers are covered within a few hours.
(b) It is the most comfortable mode of transportation.
One demerit of airways is the costliness of transportation because of which it is out of the reach of common people.

Pipelines are used for the transportation of crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas. The merits of pipeline transportation in India are as follows.
(a) Pipelines help in the growth of refineries, petrochemicals, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants by providing raw materials directly from the producing areas to the factories and plants.
(b) Pipelines can take petroleum and natural gas to places far off from the oil and gas fields. They help in the setting up of refineries in far off inland locations to cater to the demands of inland markets. The refineries of Barauni, Mathura and Panipat were possible due to the development of pipelines.
(c) The initial cost of laying the pipelines may be high but subsequent running costs are nominal.
(d) Pipelines transport petroleum and natural gas directly from the producing areas to demand areas. Hence, they rule out  trans-shipment losses and delays.

(a) The National Highways are the primary route system of India. They link extreme parts of the country and provide connectivity between the different states of India. They have been planned to meet the requirements of fast movement of traffic in the country. A number of major national highways run in North-South and East-West directions. They connect most of the important towns and cities of the country. The National Highways are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD).
(b) The Border Roads are vital road links along the frontiers of India. These border roads are of strategic importance. They have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain, mainly in the northern and north-eastern border areas. They have played a major role in the economic development of these areas. The Border Roads Organization, a government of India undertaking, was established in 1960 for building border roads. The organization is in charge of the construction and maintenance of these roads.

Five major problems faced by road transport in India are:
Road network is inadequate as volume of traffic and passengers is more.
Many roads are unmetalled which limits their usage.
Roads are congested in cities.
Quality of roads is poor (potholes)
Less roads to connect villages to cities.

Road transportation is economical in transportation of smaller amount of goods and few passengers over short and medium distances. Though they are relatively cheap and easy to construct and maintain, road transportation in India is confronted with a number of problems.
(a) On account of its large population, India has large volumes of traffic and passengers which require a large number of vehicles. But the road network is not adequate to meet the requirement of handling heavy traffic.
(b) As most roads are kuccha or unmetalled, their usage is limited during the rainy season. The potholes on roads form muddy pools in the monsoon season and cause accidents.
(c) There are still more national highways to be built to connect the different parts of the country.
(d) The roads in the cities are highly congested and traffic jams are a constant problem. Most of the bridges and culverts are also old and narrow aggravating the problem.
(e) Roadside amenities like emergency medical facilities, telephone booths etc., are lacking. (f) Police patrolling on the highways in not adequate, so goods and passengers are not safe all the time. 

(i) The means of transportation and communication are called the lifelines of a nation and its economy because
An efficient and well-developed system of transport is essential for proper utilisation of the available natural resources.
A well-developed system of transportation like roadways and railways maintain the movement of persons and goods to different regions of the country.
The means of communication help in sending and receiving messages, thus, playing a vital role in the running of the country efficiently.
Railways provide a number of different activities to people like business, sightseeing pilgrimage as well as transportation of goods over longer distances.
Pipelines are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas to refineries, factories and big thermal power plants.
Waterways are cheapest means of transport. These are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods.
Air transport provides fastest service even in those areas which are inaccessible by other means of transport.
(ii) The changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years can be seen through the following points Exchange of commodities and goods in foreign trade has increased due to exchange of information and knowledge.
The exchange of information and knowledge has also improved trade relations of India with the rest of the world.
Due to its advanced software knowledge and excellence in the field of information technology, India has emerged as a software giant at the international level. Now, India is earning a huge amount of foreign exchange through the export of information technology.
India has trade relations wíth all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world.
India has become a major exporter of a number of commodities. For example, agriculture and allied products, gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products and so on.
Tourism industry has also remerged as a big industry in India. It helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

International tourism is the movement of people outside the country for various reasons like pleasure, medical treatment, business etc.