Three ways to reduce freshwater pollution can be
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes in various industries to reduce or eliminate pollutants through pollution prevention methods.
(ii) Creating man-made cooling ponds designed to cool heated effluent waters of industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of the sewage in water treatment plants before dumping it into water bodies.

Fresh water sources are polluted by
(a) Organic and inorganic wastes.
(b) Effluents discharged by industries into rivers.
(c) The main culprits are paper and pulp, chemical, textile, petroleum, refineries, tanneries industries, etc.

Following are the prime factors for the location of aluminium smelting industries.
(a) Assured source of raw material, bauxite, at minimum cost, as it is a bulky material.
(b) Regular and quantitative supply of power.
Odisha produces about 45 per cent of the Indian's bauxite. Hence, aluminium smelting plants are located in Odisha. Also, the Hirakud Dam provides cheap hydroelectricity for the development of the aluminium industry in the state.
West bengal, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu are other states where aluminium smelting plants are located. INDAL, HINDALCO, MALCO, NALCO and Aluminium Corporation of India are names of the major smelting plants.

India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world, yet we are not able to perform to our full potential because of the following reasons.
(a) High costs and limited availability of coking coal.
(b) Lower productivity of labour.
(c) Irregular supply of energy.

The cotton industry is the largest industry in India today because of the following reasons.
(a) The cotton textile industry contributes 14 per cent of the total industrial production.
(b) It provides employment to 35 million persons directly - the second largest after agriculture.
(c) Its share in GDP in terms of foreign exchange is considerable.

The traditional cotton textile industry of India suffered a setback during the colonial period because of competition from mill-made cloth from England. In England cotton textiles were produced in large quantities with the help of the powerloom. The surplus was sold in India for profit as India was then a colony of England. Mill-made cloth was cheaper on account of large scale production. On the other hand, our traditional textiles used ancient techniques like handspinning and handloom weaving. Hence, its production could not compete with mill-made cloth of England.

(a) Improve productivity of labour
(b) Raise the standard of our infrastructure
(c) Increase the supply of energy.

Production of good in the factories in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products, is called manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry is considered as the backbone of economic development because of the following reasons.
(a) It helps in modernizing agriculture which is the backbone of our economy.
(b) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings the much needed foreign exchange.

(i) Basic or key Industries: These industries provide basic materials for other industries like iron and steel, copper smelting and aluminium smelting.
(ii) Consumer industries: These industries produce goods for direct use of consumers. E.g. sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machine, fans etc.

(a) Sugar industries are based on sugarcane as the raw material, which is very heavy. So industries are close to its producing areas.
(b) Moreover sugarcane is a perishable and weight losing products. It should be processed without delay to prevent losing of sugar content.

(i) Nitrogenous fertilizers like urea: India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers. There are 57 fertilizer industries in India producing nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilizers in which 29 industries produce urea.
(ii) Phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate : There are 9 ammonium sulphate plants as a by-product and 68 other small plants produce single super phosphate in India.
(iii) Complex fertilizers, which have the combination of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash.
As a result of Green Revolution the demand for fertilizers increased thus the industry spread to several parts of India.
States - Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala produce more than half of the total fertilizer production in India.

(i) Mini steel plants are smaller and have electric furnaces, use steel scrap and sponge iron.
(ii) They have re-rollers that use steel ingot as well. They produce mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
(iii) An integral steel plant is large and handles everything related to smelting of iron. Raw materials are converted in to iron. Rolling and shaping is done here and steel bars are made.
(iv) Coal is used as a major source of fuel in integrated steel plants.

(i) The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the success of IT industry in India.
(ii) This industry has been a major foreign exchange earner because of the Business Processes Outsourcing sector.

(i) The National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to jute farmers, and enhancing the yield per hectare.
(ii) The internal market has been increasing due to the Government policy of compulsory use of jute packaging and to prevent the use of polymers or polythene bags.
(iii) The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.