1 Contour farming.
2 Terrace farming.
3 Soil-conservation farming.
4 Cover crops/Crop rotation.

1. Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.
2. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth.
3. The soil is a living system.
4. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in death.
5. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation, change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. Contribute, to the for the formation of soil.
6. Soil consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

1. Soil is the most important renewable natural resource.
2. It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types os living organisms on the earth.
3. The soil is a living system.
4. It takes millions of years to form soil upto a few cm in death.
5. Relief, parent rock or bed rock, climate, vegetation, change in temperature, actions of running water, wind and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc.Contribute, to the for the formation of soil.
6. Soil consists of organic (humus) and inorganic materials.

(i) Gandhiji said, 'There is enough resources in India for every body's need and not for any body's greed'.
(ii) He placed the greedy and individuals and exploitative nature of modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level.
(iii) He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by he masses.

a) Resource planning in India is done through Five Year Plan after independence.
b) Resource planning is a complex process which involves:
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the region of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

a) Resource planning in India is done through Five Year Plan after independence.
b) Resource planning is a complex process which involves:
(i) Identification and inventory of resources across the region of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources.
(ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
(iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.

The resources can be classified in the following ways-
a) On the basis of origin
b) On the basis of exhaustibility
c) On the basis of ownership
d) On the basis of status of development

Alluvial Soil
(1) Most important soil
(2) Such a soil is the result of deposits of river.
(3) Very fertile soil

Khadar (New Alluvium)
(1) New Alluvium a new soil  (2) Very fertile soil less Kankar nodules
Bangar (Old Alluvium)
(1) Old alluvium or Old soil  (2) Not to fertile, often contains Kankar nodules

1992.Rio-de-Janeiro(Brazil)
To achieve sustainable development in order to combat environment damage, poverty and disease, it laid emphasis on global cooperation mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

1.Terracing on hilly area
2.Building Dams on hilly areas
3.Afforestion

(a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
(b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments as haves and have notes or rich and poor.
(c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

It held at Rio de Janerio in Brazil.
It is the first ever International Earth Summit.
It is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development [UNCED].
The Summit was aimed at the urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development at the global level.
The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention recognised 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

(i) The three states having black soil are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The crops, which mainly grown are cotton, tobacco and sugarcane.
(ii) Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern coast. Three main features of this type of soil are
(a) It is very fertile.
(b) It contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
(c) It is more alkaline in the drier areas.
(iii) Following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas
(a) Afforestation This is done by planting trees.
(b) Terrace farming and contour ploughing This is done across the hill slopes.
(c) Restricted grazing of animals Animals should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil.
(d) Plugging of gullies By this method, gully erosion can be prevented