(i) London Season: For wealthy Britishers, there had long been an annual 'London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and the classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.
(ii) Pleasure gardens: Pleasure gardens came in the 19^th century to provide facilities for sports, entertainment, and refreshments for the well-to-do.
(iii) Pubs for working class: Working classes met in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organise for political action.
(iv) Libraries and museums: Libraries, art galleries, and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
(v) Music halls and cinemas: Music halls were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences
(vi) Beaches: British industrial workers increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. So as to derive the benefits of the sum and the bracing winds.

(i) London Season: For wealthy Britishers, there had long been an annual 'London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and the classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.
(ii) Pleasure gardens: Pleasure gardens came in the 19^th century to provide facilities for sports, entertainment, and refreshments for the well-to-do.
(iii) Pubs for working class: Working classes met in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organise for political action.
(iv) Libraries and museums: Libraries, art galleries, and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
(v) Music halls and cinemas: Music halls were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences
(vi) Beaches: British industrial workers increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. So as to derive the benefits of the sum and the bracing winds.

(i) London Season: For wealthy Britishers, there had long been an annual 'London Season. Several cultural events, such as the opera, the theatre and the classical music performances were organised for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late eighteenth century.
(ii) Pleasure gardens: Pleasure gardens came in the 19^th century to provide facilities for sports, entertainment, and refreshments for the well-to-do.
(iii) Pubs for working class: Working classes met in pubs to have a drink: exchange news and sometimes, also to organise for political action.
(iv) Libraries and museums: Libraries, art galleries, and museums were established in the nineteenth century to provide people with a sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
(v) Music halls and cinemas: Music halls were popular among the lower classes and, by the early twentieth century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for the mixed audiences
(vi) Beaches: British industrial workers increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the sea. So as to derive the benefits of the sum and the bracing winds.

(i) City life and the migrants : The new dries attracted large number of migrants. As there was shortage of work so many of them made a living from crime.
(ii) City life and children : Large number of children were pushed into low paid work, often by their parents. As they were underpaid so many of them also .Mailed making their living from crime, it was only after the passage of - the compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870 and the Factories Act that children were kept out of industrial work.
(iii) Industrialisation and life of workers : The abundance of labour in the market affected the lives of worker As news of possible jobs travelled to the countryside, hundreds tramped to the c:ties. Many job classmate seekers had to wait weeks, spending nights under bridges or in night shelter. 
(iv) City life and individualism : The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities.
(v) City life and women : Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into Shier homes The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women. 

(i) Family In the 18th century: In the 18th century, (under proto-industralisation) the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making.
(ii) Family under industrialisation: Ties between members of households loosened, and among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down. Women of the upper and middle daises in Britain, on Use other hand, fared increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their Lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(iii) Individualism: The city no doubt encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values that were a feature of the smaller rural communities .
(iv) Family and role of women: Men and women did not have equal access to this new urban space As women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed again?: their presence in public spaces women were forced to withdraw into their homes. The public space became increasingly a male preserve, and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women Most political movements of the nineteenth century. such as Chartism (a movement demanding the vote for all adult males) and the 10-hour movement (limiting hours of work in factories), mobilised large number of men Only gradually did women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women or for named women's right to property.
(v) Family and market: By the 20^th century family now consisted of much smaller units but it became the heart of new market of goods and services and of ideas.

(i) By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a colossal city with a population of about 6,75,000.
(ii) Over the nineteenth century. London continued to expand Its population multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1860, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.
(ii) The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.
(iv) The nineteenth century London, was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.
(iv) During the First World War (1914 - 18). London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all Jobs in the city.

(i) By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London. It was a colossal city with a population of about 6,75,000.
(ii) Over the nineteenth century. London continued to expand. Its population multiplied fourfold in the 70 years between 1810 and 1860, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.
(ii) The city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations, even though it did not have large factories.
(iv) The nineteenth century London, was a city of clerks and shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi-skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants and servants, of casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.
(iv) During the First World War (1914 - 18). London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods, and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all Jobs in the city.

(i) London was a city of clerks and shopkeepers.
(ii) It was a city of small masters and skilled artisans. It was a city of growing number of semi-skilled and sweated out workers, of soldiers and servants, of casual laborers, street sellers, and beggars.
(iii) Apart from the London dockyards, five major types of industries that employed a large number of people were: Clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches, and objects of precious metal.
(iv) During the Fire World War. London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased until they accounted for nearly one-third of all jobs in the city.

(i) The towns and the Cities that first appeared along the river valleys like Ur and Mohenjodaro were larger in scale than other human settlements.
(ii) These cities were centres of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activities.
(iii) These cities supported various social groups such as artisans, merchant and priests|
(iv) These cities varied greatly in size and complexity. Some were metropolises and oilier smaller urban centres.
(v) Industrialization played an important role in the expansion of cities.

(i) Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain, faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for young children on low wages.
(ii) Women who worked for wages had some control over their lives, particularly among the lower social classes. However, many social reformers felt that the family, as an institution had broken down, and needed to be saved or reconstructed by pushing these women back into the home.
(iii) The city life was dominated by men and women who were forced to withdraw into their homes.
(iv) Most of the conservatives were against the presence of women in the public places.