Copper is mainly used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical industries.
Two leading producers of copper in India are:
(a) Madhya Pradesh produces 52 per cent of India's copper
(b) Rajasthan produces 42 per cent of copper in India.

The varieties of coal found in India are Peat, Lignite, Bituminous and Anthracite. The geological ages in which these were found in India are the Gondwana, some 200 million years and the Tertiary deposits only about 55 million years old. It is used for power generation and to supply energy to industries as well as for domestic needs.

Following are the formations in which minerals occur.
(a) In Igneous and Metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
(b) In Sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers.
(c) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks and the removal of soluble constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ore, e.g. Bauxite ore.

Values:
(i) It is eco-friendly as it saves our reserves of fossil fuels but requires submergence of large forest cover or land for damming the river.
(ii) It is an absolutely clean source of energy.
(iii) Hydroelectric power plants do not create any waste byproducts in their conversion.

(i) Energy is the requirement for economic development
(ii) Every sector of national economy agriculture, industry, transport and commerce need greater inputs of energy.
(iii) In the domestic sector also, energy demands, in the form of electricity, are growing because of increasing use of electrical gadgets and appliances.

A mineral is a homogenous, naturally occurring substance. It has definite chemical composition comprising of one or more elements.

An experimental geo-thermal energy project is located in the Puga valley-Ladakh.

Coal of the Tertiary age is found in the north-eastern part of India.

Metallic minerals are of two types
(a) ferrous minerals
(b) Non-Ferrous minerals

(i) It combines the strength of metals such as iron with extreme lightness.
(ii) It has good conductivity and great malleability.

1. Jharkhand
2. Bihar
3. Andhra Pradesh

The two varieties of iron ore found in India having high iron content are magnetite and hematite. Magnetite is the finest quality iron ore with very high iron content up to 70 per cent. Hematite has an iron content of 50 to 60 percent but is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used. Rich iron-ore deposits are found in the following regions of India.
(a) Odisha-Jharkhand belt with high grade haematite iron ore in Badampahar mines in the Mayurbhanj and Keonjhar districts of Odisha, and Gua and Noamundi in the Singhbhum district of Jharkhand.
(b) Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra with super-high grade hematite iron ore, in the Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh.
(c) Ballary-Chitradurga-Chikkamaguluru-Tumakuru belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats are known to be one of the largest deposits in the world.
(d) Maharashtra-Goa belt includes Ratnagiri in Maharashtra and some areas in Goa

(a) Conservation of minerals resources is essential because:
   (i) The formation of minerals takes a long geological period of millions of years.
   (ii) They are finite, i.e. limited in nature.
   (iii) Many of them are non-renewable and exhaustible.
   (iv) The rate of replenishment of minerals is infinitely small in comparison to rate of consumption.
   (v) They have to be preserved for our future generations because they are very important for industrial development of the nation.
(b) Methods of conserving mineral resources.
   (i) We should use minerals in a planned and sustainable manner.
   (ii) Improved technologies need to be evolved to allow use of low grade ores at low cost.
   (iii) Recycling of metals.
   (iv) Using scrap metals and other substitutes.
   (v) Wastages in mining, processing and distribution should be minimized.
   (vi) Controlled export of minerals.