While cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in the 19th century, the Indian weavers survived and expanded steadily in the 20th century.
It was due to following reasons
(i) Indian weavers began to use fly shuttle which increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
(ii) Among the weavers, some produced coarser cloth while others wove finer varieties. The finer varieties were bought by the rich and the states of Banarasi and Baluchari saris was not affected by famines or droughts.
(iii) Mills could not imitate specialised weaves like saris with woven borders, famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, etc.

(i) The cover page of a music book published by E.T.Paul in 1900 shows the sign of progress as the picture of railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory. Above all, 'DAWN OF THE EARTH' is printed.
(ii) The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked on the cover page of a trade magazine.
(iii) The trade magazine shows two magicians. Aladdin is shown as representing the east and the past. Whereas the one is the motor mechanic with modern tools and builds bridges, ships, towers and high rise buildings. He represents the west and modernity

(i) The cover page of a music book published by E.T.Paul in 1900 shows the sign of progress as the picture of railway, camera, machines, printing press and factory. Above all, 'DAWN OF THE EARTH' is printed.
(ii) The glorification of machines and technology is even more marked on the cover page of a trade magazine.
(iii) The trade magazine shows two magicians. Aladdin is shown as representing the east and the past. Whereas the one is the motor mechanic with modern tools and builds bridges, ships, towers and high rise buildings. He represents the west and modernity

(i) Before the war, the industrial growth in India was slow.
(ii) The war created a new situation as the British mills started the production to meet the needs of the British.
(iii) So that Manchester imports into India were stopped.
(iv) This was the golden chance to Indian industry to produce good for home supply.
(v) But the British mills alone were unable to fulfil the demands of the British.
(vi) So as the war prolonged Indian factories were called to supply the bags, uniforms, tents boots, horse saddles etc.

(i) It indicates the 1^st or early form of industrialization .
(ii) There was large-scale industrial production for international market before the emergence of factories.
(iii) It was been produced by a number of producers working within their family farms.
(iv) This phase of industrialization is referred to as proto-industrialization by historians.

The early phase of industrialisation in which large-scale production was carried out for international market demands at decentralise units but not at factories is called proto-industrialisation.
It affected the life of 18th century English countryside in the following way
(i) In the urban areas, guilds were set up which produced a variety of things much before the introduction of machines.
(ii) In the rural areas, the merchants had set up their own production units where most of the work was done by the workers manually. Many workers even produced in their family-farms. By working for the merchants, they could continue to cultivate their small plots. Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their income.