Dinoflagellates are unicellular, motile, photosynthetic protists. They have a well defined nucleus and possess two different flagella one transverse and the other is longitudinal. They belong to kingdom-Protista.

Nucleus is membrane bound structure located in centre of eukaryotic cell while necleoid is a membraneless structure found in prokaryotic cell (false nucleus).

Bacteria are prokaryotes which belong to kingdom Monera. Monerans do not have nuclear membrane enclosing the nucleus of the cell.

Fungi are known to grow well in moist, dark and warm places so, they can be commonly seen in any habitat where organic matter and moisture are unavailable.

Viroids

Body organisation in members of Kingdom-Animalia is cellular, tissue, organ and organ system level.

Types of lichens are
(i) Crustose (crust-like)
(ii) Foliose (flat and lobed -like)
(iii) Fruticose (branched -like a bush)

Gametangial copulation, e.g., Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.

(a) Amoeboid Protozoans : They are found in fresh water, sea water or moist soil. They have pseudopodia, like amoeba, hence the name amoeboid protozoa. Example : Entamoeba.
(b) Flagellated Protozoans : They have flagella for movement. They are either free living or parasitic. Example : Trypanosoma.
(c) Ciliated Protozoans :  They are aquatic. They have thousands of cilia present all over the body. The cilia helps in locomotion and steering of food into the gullet. Example : Paramecium.
(d) Sporozoans :  Many protozoans have an infectious spore-like stage in the life cycle. The spore-like stage helps them get transferred from one host to another host. Example : Plasmodium.

The two kingdom classification system was given by Linnaeus in 1758. Lesser number of organisms were known then in comparison to what the world knows today. He classified all the known living beings into two categories - Animalia and Plantae on the basis of the presence or absence of cell wall in their cells. As bacteria, blue-green algae, fungi, algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms have their cells surrounded by cell walls, unlike animals, therefore, they were placed together under kingdom-Plantae.

The fruiting bodies of Ascomycetes are called ascocarps. A fertile layer called hymenium bears asci. These fruiting bodies are different from each other in following ways
(i) Cleistothecium : Closed ascocarp, i.e., ascocarp with no opening.
(ii) Perithecium : Flask-shaped ascocarp with an apical pore called ostiole.
(iii) Apothecium : Cup-shaped open ascocarp.

(i) Heterocysts are present in some cyanobacteria. It is a large-sized, pale coloured, thick-walled cell which occurs in terminal, intercalary or lateral position in filamentous cyanobacteria,.e.g., Nostoc.
(ii) Features of cyanobacteria are
(a) Mucilage sheath is present.
(b) Thylakoids lack phycobilins. Therefore, photosynthesis is absent, but cyclic photophosphorylation occurs.
(c) Heterocyst is dependent for its nourishment on adjacent vegetative cells.
The thick wall is impermeable to oxygen, but permeable to nitrogen. It has enzyme nitrogenase which is specialised to perform nitrogen-fixation

(i) The interior of bacterial cell seems simple and granular because the membrane bound organelles are not present in it.
(ii) Mucilage, cell wall and plasma membrane are together called cell envelope.
(iii) Mucilage or glycocalyx gives gummy or sticky trait to cells.
Though it is not essential for bacterial survival, glycocalyx has several functions such as
(a) Protection from desiccation and toxins.
(b) Preventing host phagocytes to get attached to the bacterium.
(c) Holdings cells together.
(d) Storing chemicals for virulence.