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Published on: 05/09/2019
Redox Reactions
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1.
Does the oxidation number of an element in any molecule or any polyatomic ion represent the actual charge on it?
2.
How many millimoles of potassium dichromate is required to oxidise 24mL of 0.5 M Mohr's salt solution in acidic medium?
3.
Consider the reactions,
\({ C }_{ 6 }{ H }_{ 5 }CHO(l)+2{ Cu }^{ 2+ }(aq)+5{ OH }^{ - }(aq)\longrightarrow NO \ change \ observed.\)
What inference do you draw about the behaviour of Ag+ and Cu2+ from these reactions?
4.
Nitric acid is an oxidising agent and reacts with Pbo but it does not react woth pbo2 . Explain why?
5.
What are the net charges on the left and right side of the following equations?Add electrons as necessary to make each of them balanced half reactions
CI2 +4 H2O \(\rightarrow\) 2CISO-2 +8H+
6.
Identify the oxidant and reductant in each of the following reactions.
(a) MnO-4 (aq) + C2H5OH(aq) \(\rightarrow \) Mn2 + (aq) + CH3COOH(aq)
(b) Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) → pb(s) + CO(g)
(c) pbO(s) + C(s) → pb(s) + CO(g)
7.
Predict the products of electrolysis in each of the following:
(i) An aqueous solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes
(ii) An aqueous solution AgNO3 with platinum electrodes
(iii) A dilute solution of H2SO4 with platinum electrodes
(iv) An aqueous solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes
8.
Justify that the following reaction are redox reaction
\(4N{ H }_{ 3 }(g)+5{ O }_{ 2 }(g)\longrightarrow 4NO(g)+6H_{ 2 }O(g)\)
9.
Write the half reactions for the following redox reactions.
2K(s) + Cl2(g)\(\rightarrow \)2Kcl(s)
10.
Using the standard electrode potentials given in the Table B.l, predict if the reaction between the following is feasible - Br2 (aq) and Fe2+(aq)
11.
Write the anode reaction, the cathode reaction and the net cell reaction in the following cells. Which electrode would be positive terminal in each cell?
Zn(s) \(|\) Zn2+|| Br2 |Br-| Pt(s)
1.
No, the oxidation number of an element in any species is an apparent charge on the atom which it appears to have acquired when all other atoms in the species are removed as ions.
2.
Number of millimoles of K2Cr2O7 present in 24 mL of 0.5 M solution = 24 x 0.5 =12.The balanced chemical equation for the redox reaction is
K2Cr2O7 + 6(NH4)2 SO4.6H2O + 7H2SO4\(\rightarrow\)K2SO4 + 6(NH4)2SO4 + 3Fe2(SO4)3 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 43H2O
From the balanved equation , 6 moles Mohr's salt are oxidised by 1 mole of K2Cr2O7
12 millimoles of Mohr's salt will be oxidised by
= \(\frac { 1 }{ 6 } x12=millimoles \ K_{ 2 }{ Cr }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 7 }\)
3.
Cu2+ do not oxidise benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) to benzoic acid.
This includes that Ag+ is a stronger oxidising agent than Cu2+.
4.
Pbo is a base. It reacts with nitric acid and forms soluble lead nitrate.
\(Pbo+ \ \underset { (acid-base \ reaction) }{ { 2HNO }_{ 3 } } \longrightarrow \ \underset { Soluble }{ Pb } \left( { NO }_{ 2 } \right) _{ 2 }+{ H }_{ 2 }O\)
Nitric acid does not reacts with Pbo2 . Both of them are strong oxidising agents. In HNO3 , nitrogen is in its maximum oxidation state(+5) and in Pbo2 , lead is in its maximum oxidation sate(+4). Therefore, no reaction takes place.
5.
O charge on the left, +6 charge on the right; add 6 electrons on the right side.
6.
(a) MnO-4 loses oxygen, therfore it is an oxidant while C2H5OH gains oxygen, therefore it is a reductant.
(b) Zn is reductant whilr hydrogen (H) is oxidant
(c) pbO is oxidant while C is reductant
7.
(a) In aqueous solution, AgNO3 ionises to give Ag+(aq) and \(N{ O }_{ 3 }^{ - }\)(aq) ions.
AgNO3(aq) \(\rightarrow\) Ag+(aq) + \(N{ O }_{ 3 }^{ - }\)(aq)
Thus, when electricity is passed, Ag+(aq) ions move towards the cathode whie \(N{ O }_{ 3 }^{ - }\) ions move towards the anode. In other words, at the cathode, either Ag+(aq) ions or H2O molecules may be reduced. Which of these will actually get discharged would depend upon their electrode potentials which are given below:
Ag+(aq) + e- \(\rightarrow\) Ag(s); Eo = +0.80 V (i)
2H2O(I) + 2e- \(\rightarrow\) H2(g) + 2OH-(aq); EO = -0.83 V (ii)
Since the electrode potential (i.e., reduction potential of Ag+(aq) ions is higher than that of H2O molecules, therefore, at the cathode, it is the Ag+(aq) ions (rather than H2O molecules) which are reduced.
Similarly, at the anode, either Ag metal of the anode or H2O molecules may be oxidised. Their electrode potentials are:
Ag(s) \(\rightarrow\) Ag+(aq) + e-; Eo = -0.80 V (iii)
2H2O(l) \(\rightarrow\) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-; Eo = -1.23 V (iv)
Since the oxidation potential of Ag is much higher than that of H2O, therefore, at the anode, it is the Ag of the silver anode which gets oxidised and not the H2O molecules. It may, however, be mentioned here that the oxidation potential of \(N{ O }_{ 3 }^{ - }\) ions is even lower than that of H2O since more bonds are to broken during reduction of \(N{ O }_{ 3 }^{ - }\) ions than those in H2O. Thus, when an aqueous solution of AgNO3 is electrolysed, Ag from Ag anode dissolves while Ag +(aq) ions present in the solution get reduced and get deposited on the cathode.
(b) If, however, electrolysis of AgNO3 solution is carried out using platinum electrodes, instead of silver electrodes, oxidation of water occurs at the anode since Pt being a noble metal does not undergo oxidation easily. As a result, O2 is liberated at the anode according to equation (iv). Thus, when an aqueous solution of AgNO3 is electrolysed using platinum eectrodee, Ag+ ions from the solution get deposited on the cathode while o2 is liberated at the anode.
(c) In aqueous solution, H2SO4 ionises to give H+(aq) and \({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- }\)t(aq) ions.
H2SO4(aq) \(\rightarrow\) 7 2H+(aq) + \({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- }\)(aq)
Thus, when electricity is passed, H+ (aq) ions move towards cathode while \({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- }\) (aq) ions move towards anode. In other words, at cathode either H+(aq) ions or H2O molecules are reduced. Their electrode potentials are:
2H+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightarrow\) H2(g); Eo = 0.0 V
HzO(aq) + 2e- \(\rightarrow\) H2(g) + 20H-(aq); EO = -0.83 V
Since the electron potential (i.e., reduction potential) of H+(aq) ions is higher than that of H2O, therefore, at the cathode, it is W(aq) ions (rather than H2O molecules) which are reduced to evolve H2 gas.
Similarly at the anode, either \({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- }\) (aq) ions or H2O molecules are oxidised. Since the oxidation potential of \({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- }\) is expected to be much lower (since it involved cleavage of many bonds as compared to those in H2O than that of H2O molecules, therefore, at the anode, it is H2O molecules (rather than sot ions) which are oxidised to evolve O2 gas. From the above discussion, it follows that during electrolysis of an aqueous solution of H2SO4 only the electrolysis of H2O occurs liberating H2 at the cathode and O2 at the anode.
(d) In aqueous solution, CuCl2 ionises as follows:
CuCI2(aq) \(\rightarrow\) Cu2+(aq) + 2C- (aq)
On passing electricity, Cu2+(aq) ions move towards cathode and Cqaq) ions move towards anode.
Thus, at cathode, either Cu2+(aq) or H20 molecules are reduced. Their electrode
potentials are:
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- \(\rightarrow\) Cu(s); Eo = +0.34 V
H2O(I) + 2e- \(\rightarrow\) H2(g) +2OH ; Eo = -0.83 V
Since the electrode potential of Cu 2+(aq)ions is much higher than that of H2O,
therefore, at the cathode, it is Cu2+(aq) ions which are reduced and not H2O molecules.
Similarly, at the anode, either C-(aq) ions or H2O molecules are oxidised. Their oxidation potentials are:
2C-(aq) \(\rightarrow\) Cl2(g) + 2e- \(\triangle\)Eo = -1.36 V
2H2O(I) \(\rightarrow\) O2(g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e-; \(\triangle\)Eo = -1.23 V
Although oxidation potential of H2O molecules is higher than that of Cl- ions, nevertheless, oxidation of Cl- ions occurs in preference to H2O since due to overvoltage much lower potential than -1.36 V is needed for the oxidation of H2O molecules.
Thus, when an aqueous solution of CuCl2 is electrolysed, Cu metal is liberated at the cathode while Cl2 gas is evolved at the anode.
8.
\(4\overset { -3-1 }{ N{ H }_{ 3 } } (g)+5\overset { 0 }{ { O }_{ 2 } } (g)\longrightarrow 4\overset { +2-1 }{ NO } (g)+6\overset { +1-2 }{ H_{ 2 }O } (g)\)
Oxidation number of N increases from -2(in NH3) to +2(in NO) and oxidation number of O decreases from zero (in 02) to-2
(in NO and H2O). This shows that NH3 is oxidised and O2 is reduced. Hence, it is a redox reaction.
9.
K\(\rightarrow \)K+e- (oxidation half reaction)
\(\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \) Cl2+e-\(\rightarrow \)Cl- (reduction half reaction)
10.
Overall reaction: Ag(s) + Fe3+(aq) \(\rightarrow\) Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq); Eo= -0.03 V
Since the EMF of the reaction is negative, therefore, the above reaction is not feasible.
Alternatively, the reaction between Ag(s) and Fe3+(aq) may occur according to the following equation
3Ag(s) + Fe3+(aq) \(\rightarrow\) 3Ag+(aq) + Fe(s)
On similar lines, we can calculate the e.m.f. of this reaction comes to be even more negative, i.e., -0.836 V, and hence this redox reaction is also not feasible.
(e) Suppose the reaction between Br2(aq) and Fe2+(aq) occurs according to the following equation:
Br2(aq) + 2Fe2+(aq) \(\rightarrow\) 2Br-(aq) + 2Fe3+(aq)
The above reaction can be split into the following two half reactions. Writing electrode potential for each half reaction from the Table 8.1, we have
Oxidation: Fe2+(aq) \(\rightarrow\) Fe3+(aq) + e-] x 2; Eo = -0.77 V
Reduction: Br2(aq) + 2e- \(\rightarrow\) 2Br-(aq); Eo = +1.09 V
11.
At anode Zn\(\rightarrow \)Zn2+2e-
At cathode \(\frac { Br_{ 2 }+2e^{ - }\rightarrow 2Br^{ - } }{ Zn+Br_{ 2 }\rightarrow Zn^{ 2 }+2Br^{ - } } \)
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