(i) The Jats were prosperous agriculturists.
(ii) Panipat and Ballabhgarh became important trading centres under Churaman a jat who dominated
Delhi and Agra.
(Hi)Under Suraj Mal the kingdom of Bharatpur emerged, as a strong state.
(iv) When Nadir Shah sacked Delhi in 1739, many of the city's notables took refuge there.

(i) Maratha kingdom developed after a struggle with the Mughal Empire.
(ii) Shivaji carved out a stable kingdom with the support of powerful warrior families of Deshmukhs
and highly mobile peasant pastoralists Kunbis.
(iii) He used them to challenge Mughal power in Deccan

Burhan-ul-Mulk reduced Mughal supremacy by taking following steps:
(i) He first of all reduced the number of office holders (jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.
(ii) He also reduced the size of jagirs and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions.
(iii) The accounts of jagirdars were checked to prevent cheating and the revenues of the entire district were re-assessed by officials appointed by the Nawab's court.

This tale is about an old Rajput Chief, named Bhamashah, whole ancestors had been a ministers of Chittor. He had quite a large amount of money and valuables lying safely at his home. When he saw the Rana leaving Mewar forever, he felt very sad. There could be no better use of his treasure, he thought that it to be placed at the feet of the Rana. So he brought out the treasure and presented it to the Rana saying. "My Lord, what will do with this wealth when you are gone? It was earned by my ancestors from Chittor. It belongs to you."
It was indeed a glorious example of devotion, self sacrifice and tears of joy appeared in the eyes of Rana as he gathered Bhamashah in a warm embrace. So he turned back and raised another army with the money Bhamashah had brought in. The war with Akbar was resumed. This time the Mughals were taken by surprise and Rana was stronger than they had expected. Fort after fort fell to the Rajputs till the Rana had won back almost the whole of his lost kingdom. He was now again the king of Mewar.

Architecture: The new court of Bengal was influenced by the Mughal Empire. So they set up many mosques. In this time many temples were also made. These were built using bricks and terracotta. The temples were made double or four roofed. It was a typical Bengali style architecture. The temples were built on square platform. In a four roofed structure, four triangular roofs placed on the four walls move up to converge on a curved line. The interior was plain but the outer walls were decorated with paintings, ornamental tiles & terracotta tablets. In Vishnupur, such decorations reached a high degree of excellence.
Culture: The new court of Bengal had better cultural harmony. All the people respect each others culture and religions. Different cultural activities flourished during this time. 'Jatra' an open stage drama, different form of religious song such as Kirtan, Shyama Sangeet, Baul Sangeet had flourished during this time. A new culture of money lending from richest merchant had developed. During this time the banking house of Jagat Seth became very prosperous.

Awadh was the kingdom which developed in our state in eighteenth century. Now, there have been lots of differences from that time. The system of jagirdars and ijaradars have finished. Now the taxes are collected by government departments. The administrative form has also changed as there is democratic government in our state as well as in centre.

i) The Mughal Emperor Jahangir looked upon the Sikh communiry as a potential threat and he ordered the execution of Guru Arjan in 1606. The Sikh movement began to get politicised in the 17th century, a development that culminated in the institution of the Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. The community of the Sikhs, called the Khalsa panth, became a political entity.
ii) He emphasised the worship of one God.
iii) He laid stress on the importance of right belief and worship, honest living and helping others.

In Aurangzeb's time the Rajputs and the Marathas challenged Mughal authority for the longest time. Mughal intervention in the internal politics of Rajput kingdoms led to the rebellion of Marwar. Initially Mughal's campaign against Shivaji was successful, but later Shivaji started his campaigns against the Mughals till his death.
Moreover Sikhs, jars, Satnami of North India and Ahoms in the North-East rebelled against the Mughal Emperor.

In 1722, Burhan-ul-Mulk Sa'adat Khan was appointed as Subadar of Awadh. Later he founded the state 'Awadh'. It was one of the most important states to emerge out of the break-up of the weak Mughal Empire.
Awadh was a prosperous region. It controlled the main trade route between North India and Bengal. Burhan-ul-Mulk held the combined offices of subadari, diwani and faujdari. He controlled completely the political, financial and military affairs of Awadh.

i) The people of Awadh relied solely on the local bankers and mahajans for loans. It sold the right to collect tax to the highest bidders.
ii) These revenue farmers known as ijaradars agreed to pay the state a fixed sum of money. Local bankers guaranteed the payment of this contracted amount to the state.
iii) In turn, the revenue farmers were given considerable freedom in the assessment and collection of taxes. Thus, the position of moneylenders and bankers became influential which was not in the past.

Burhan-ul-Mulk tried to reduce Mughal influence in the Awadh region by taking the following steps
(i) He reduced the number of office holders (Jagirdars) appointed by the Mughals.
(ii) He reduced the size of Jagirs and appointed his own loyal servants to vacant positions.
(iii) The accounts of Jagirdars were checked to prevent cheating and the revenues of all districts were re-assessed by officials appointed by the Nawab's court

The effective administration broke down under the later Mughal Emperors. It became increasingly difficult for them to keep a check on their powerful mansabdars. Nobles appointed as governors often controlled their offices of revenue and military administration as well. This gave them extraordinary political, economic and military powers over vast regions of the Mughal empire. The periodic remission of revenue to the capital declined as the governors enhanced their control over the provinces

After becoming the governor of Deccan, Asaf Jah took some important steps to strengthen his positions
(i) He brought skilled soldiers and administrators from northern India.
(ii) He appointed mansabdars and granted jagirs.
(iii) He ruled quite independently without seeking any direction from Delhi or facing any interference.

i) During the 17th century, the Sikhs got organised into a political community. This led to the regional state-building in Punjab.
ii) Guru Gobind Singh fought many battles against the Rajputs as well as Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, the Khalsa revolted against the Mughal authority under the leadership of Banda Bahadur and declared their sovereign rule. Banda Bahadur was captured in 1715 and executed in 1716. In the 18th century, the Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands called Jathas and later on misls.
iii) The Sikh under the Khalsa declared their sovereign rule and their territories in the late 17th century extended from the Indus to the Jamuna. Maharaja Ranjit Singh reunited the divided groups of Sikhs and established his capital at Lahore in 1799.

The offices held by Saadat Khan included subadari, Diwani and faujdar.

The common features of the three states are
(i) Though many of the larger states were established by erstwhile Mughal nobles, they were highly suspicious of some of the administrative systems that they had inherited, specially the Jagirdari system
(ii) All the three regimes contracted with revenue farmers for the collection of revenue rather than relying upon the officers of the state.
(iii) The third common feature in these three states was their emerging relationship with rich bankers and merchants. These people lent money to revenue farmers, received land as security and collected taxes from these lands through their own agents.