Personal emotions are used in advertising like in the case of soap advertisement. The advertisement uses the mother's concern for her child.
It shows that ifyou are a caring mother then you will this expensive soap. This will show your love and use care for your child. Due to this advertisement mothers begin to feel that using this soap is a sign of how much they love their child
Thus, the advertisements use emotions of mother's love to sell an expensive soap. Mothers who cannot afford this feel that they are not giving best care to their child
Advertisements often target our personal emotions. They link the emotions to products and influence the way we think of ourselves.

(i) In the middle of the economic and political crisis, the ruler of Iran, Nadir Shah, attacked and
plundered the city of Delhi in 1739.
(ii) He took away immense amount of wealth. (Hi)A series of plundering raids by the Afghan ruler
Ahmad Shah Abdali occurred afterwards. He invaded North India five times between 1748 and
1761

Compressed and hardened layers of the sediments are called sedimentary rocks. These are secondary rocks and may also contain fossils of plants, animals and other micro-organisms that once lived on them. Sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks under great heat and pressure.
Rocks break down into small fragments known as sediments. These sediments are transported and deposited by wind and water, etc. When these sediments are compressed and hardened, the sedimentary rocks are formed.

Pirs were spiritual leaders having supernatural powers. They also functioned as teacher and adjudicators.
When early settlers in Bengal sought some order and assurance in the unstable condition of the new settlements, pirs favoured them and gave them full moral support.
People viewed them as respectful figures. The cult of pirs became very popular and their shrines can
be found everywhere in Bengal.

Environment is considered as a basic life support system because it is the provider of basis necessities of life such as air, water, food, and land.

Many teachers of that time rejected prevalent religious beliefs and practices because they thought that these beliefs and practices was not accessible to all.

The reasons why businesspersons make huge profit in the market are
The businesspersons advertise their shirts in very attractive manner, which increases its sales.
The consumers are mainly those who belong to high-income goto Up.
The businessperson also tries to meet the latest demands of the customers.

The Constitution of India recognises all citizens of India as equal. It is considered as a 'living document' and issues of equality are central to countries like India.
The Constitution focusses on the challenges to equality like
(i) Privarisation of health services in India.
(ii) Increasing control of business houses on media.
(iii) Low value is given to work done by women, etc.

Sujata carries a notebook to get the amount written by the trader which she has purchased on credit. This system is useful for those who earn low monthly income. If honesty is there can be no problem.

Allahabad, Kanpur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Patna and Kolkata.

The media is not able to provide a balanced report which is an important aspect of providing information. The reason is that media is always under the government control. Government controls through censoring its information in a way of preventing news items, scenes from movies, lyrics of song, etc from being shared with the larger public. Sometimes it is the interest of big business houses which controls the media's coverage. Hence, media houses are not able to work independently.

In rural areas, people build houses to suit their environment. In regions of heavy rainfall, they have slanting roofs. Places where water accumulates in the rainy season the houses are constructed on a raised platform or stilts. Thick mud walled houses with thatched roofs are very common in areas of hot climate. Local materials like stones, mud, clay, straw etc are used to construct houses.

The factors which affect the movement of ocean water are temperature, winds, gravitational pull of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon.

(a) Total number of work hours spent by women in Haryana is 53 and in Tamil Nadu is 54 in a week.
(b) Total number of work hours spent by men in Haryana is 40 and Tamil Nadu is 44 in a week. Women contribute more than 33% of their work hours in household work and men contribute just 5% of their total work hours in household work.

Cave paintings in Sahara desert show that there used to be rivers with crocodiles. But the change in climate has changed it to a very hot and dry region.

Private Health Services are those which are privately owned and controlled. There are large number of private health facilities in our country because many doctors run their own private clinics. There are RMPs in rural areas and specialised doctors in urban areas. A number of privately owned hospitals, nursing homes, laboratories, medical shops are also there in urban areas. In private services, people have to pay a lot of money for their treatment.

The temple communicated the importance of a king in the following ways
(i) Name of the temples and name of the king were almost similar. For example Rajarajadeva - A king Rajarajeshvaram - A temple
(ii) The main Gods were identical in name with the kings.
(iii) Lesser deities were Gods and Goddesses of the allies and subordinates of the ruler.
(iv) Temple was the miniature model of the world ruled by the king and his allies.

Our class exercise is comparable to that of Rosie Ma'am's class exercise.
In both the Exercises
   (i) Females are more in teaching profession than males.
   (ii) Not a single woman is engaged as farmer in Rosie's exercise but in our exercise, a few women are engaged as farmers.
   (iii) Very few women work in factories.
   (iv) No man works as a nurse in both the exercises.
   (v) The number of women is far less as scientists.
   (vi) Likewise, very few females are pilots.

The pressure exerted by the weight of air on the Earth's surface is called air pressure.

Coalition A coalition is a pact or treaty among different parties in which they cooperate and join together to attain majority and form the government. In a parliamentary system, Coalition Government is made up of coalition of parties.

If I was in the place of Ansari. I would have refused to change my name, as changing my identity will hurt my dignity.

The problems encountered by merchants were
i) Merchants had to pass many kingdoms and forests.
ii) They travelled in caravans.
iii) They had to carry goods on the back of camels, donkeys and horses.
iv) Their goods were frequently looted.
v) They competed with European traders.
vi) Harsh climate and routes killed several merchants on the way or in the middle of their travel.
vii) Most of these problems do not exist today. Mode of transport had been improved along with law and order in every nook and corner of the country.

(i) Deltas are form by the deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth.
(ii) Distributaries are the streams which distribute the rivers water into different stream.

The velds receive rainfall mainly in the summer months from November to February.

In India, evergreen forests are found on the Eastern and Western slopes of the Western Ghats in states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnaraka, Kerala and Maharashtra and also found in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
The Indian deciduous forests are found in a range of landscapes from the plains to the hills.
They occur as Sal-dominated forests in the Bhabhar tract of the Himalayan foothills and Central India and continue as teak-dominated forests across the Deccan Plateau.

Akbar interacted with people of different faiths that made him realise that religious scholar who emphasised ritual and dogma were often bigots. Their teachings created divisions and disharmony amongst his subject. This finally led Akbar to the idea of Sulh-i-Kul or universal peace. He inferred that the idea of tolerance was of utmost importance because it did not discriminate between people of different religions in his realm.
Instead, it focussed on a system of ethics i.e. honesty, justice, peace. These were the virtues universally applicable. Finally Akbar, with the help of Abul Fazl, formed a vision of governance around the idea of Sulh-i-Kul,

The changes in Varna based society took place on the basis of the following steps
In almost the entire subcontinent, society was already divided on the basis of Varna.
1. Rules prescribed by the Brahmanas were accepted by the rulers of large kingdoms.
2. The difference between the high and low and between the rich and the poor, increased.
3. This further divided hierarchy between social classes.
4. With the growth of economy and the needs of society, people with new skills were required.
5. Smaller castes or jatis emerged within varnas.
6. New cases among the Brahmanas emerged. Specialised artisans like-smiths, carpenters and masons were also recognised as separate jatis by the Brahmanas.

The Khaljis and the Tughluq's raised people of humble birth who were often their clients, to high political positions. They were appointed as generals and governors. However, the slaves and clients were loyal to their masters and patrons but not to their heirs. Heirs were the new rulers, they neglected such appointed man of high posts. This led to conflict between old and new nobility.

Rashtrakutas become powerful in the following ways
In the beginning, Rashtrakutas were subordinates to the Chalukyas of Karnataka.
In the mid-Bth century Dantidurga, a Rashtrakuta chief, overthrew his Chalukya overlord.
He performed a ritual called Hiranya - Garbha with the help of Brahmanas.
This ritual was then, considered to lead the rebirth of the sacrificer as Kshatriya, even if he was not a Kshatriya born.

People's belief in the divine was sometimes deeply personal but more often it was collective or social. These collective or general belief was closely connected with the social and economic organisation of local communities Some important changes occurred in Hinduism. Then, we saw people started the worship of new deities. It also included the new construction of temples, growing importance of Brahmans and, the priests as dominant group etc.

The administrative and military efficiency of the Mughal Empire led to great economic and commercial prosperity. International travellers described it as the fabled land of wealth. These visitors were also surprised at the state of poverty that existed side by side.
The inequalities were glaring. Documents from the twentieth year of Shahjahan's reign inform us that the highest ranking mansabdars were only 445 in number out of a total of 8,000.A mere 5.6 percent of the total number of mansabdars - received 61.5per cent of the total estimated revenue of the empire as salaries for themselves and their troopers.
The Mughal emperors and their mansabdars spent a great deal of their income on salaries and goods. This expenditure benefited the artisans and peasantry who supplied them with goods and produce.
But the scale of revenue collection left very little for investment in the hands of the primary producers the peasant and the artisan. The poorest amongst them lived from hand to mouth and they could not consider investing in additional resources like tools and supplies to increase productivity. However, the wealthier peasantry and artisanal groups, the merchants and bankers profited in this economic world.
The Mughal elite exercised a great deal of power in the late seventeenth century. As the Mughal emperor slowly declined, many nobles became independent. They constituted new dynasties and held command of provinces like Hyderabad and Awadh.

They then bring back the finished cloth to the traders. Here, they can be seen getting ready to go to the merchant in the town. The trader keeps an account of the yarn given and pays them money for weaving this into cloth.

The movements, songs and poems recognise all people as equal because these all are based on justice and equality. The Constitution of India recognises all persons as equal. All movements and struggles which occur refer to Indian Constitution to make their point regarding equality and justice.
This is the reason why the fish workers participated in movements organised by Tawa Matsya Sangh. The Constitution of India has been known as a 'living document' because it has real meaning in our lives.
There are people in the democracy who try to broaden the concept of democracy and work towards a greater recognition of equality on existing as well as new issues.
Problems related to equality are central to democracy and we have seen such issues which challenge the idea of equality in a democracy. It is necessary to have enough resources to support and nurture families and to act against any discrimination in order to earn dignity and self-respect.

The person in the above picture is Aftab.

The basin area has varied topography. The environment plays a dominant role in the distribution of the population. The mountain areas with steep slopes have inhospitable terrain. Therefore, less number of people live in the mountain area of the Ganga-Brahmaputra Basin. The plain area provides the most suitable land for human habitation.
The soil is fertile. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people where flat land is available to grow crops. The density of population of the plains is very high. The main crop is paddy. Since, cultivation of paddy requires sufficient water, it is grown in the areas where the amount of rainfall is high.

(a) In the given picture Lord Krishna is depicted with gopis.
(b) This picture can be found in Shyama raga temple of Vishnupur.

i) Tsunami is a Japanese word that means 'Harbour waves' as the harbours get destroyed whenever there is tsunami. During a storm, the winds blowing at very high speed form huge waves. These may cause tremendous destruction.
ii) An earthquake, a volcanic eruption or underwater landslides can shift large amounts of ocean water. As a result, a huge tidal wave called tsunami, that may be as high as 15 m, is formed. The largest tsunami ever measured was 150 m high. These waves travel at a speed of more than 700 km per hour.
iii) The tsunami of 2004 caused widespread damage in the coastal areas of India. The Indira Point in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands got submerged after the tsunami.

Technology is the use of science in industry to invent useful things or to solve problems. Cable television and extensive use of the Internet is a recent phenomenon. Technology used by media is dynamic. Print media and electronic media reach a large number of people through the use of certain technologies. Their name is based on type of technology they use.
The dynamic nature of technology helps media to spread its effect to more people with better quality of sound and images. Technology also contributes in changing the way people think.

(a) Crust.
(b) Silica and Magnesium (SiMa).
(c) Core is the innermost layer of the Earth

The first ad wants me to feel that I am treating my guests properly whereas second ad wants mothers to feel that using this soap is a sign of how much they love their child.

i) Settlements are places where people build their homes. Early human beings lived on trees and in caves. When they started to grow crops it became necessary to have a permanent home.
ii) The settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available and land was fertile. With the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing, human settlements became larger.
iii) Many civilisations grew along the banks of rivers such as Indus, Tigris, Nile and Hwang-He. Settlements can be permanent or temporary.
Types of Settlements Settlements which are occupied for a short time are called temporary settlements. The people living in deep forests, hot and cold deserts and mountains often dwell in such temporary settlements. They practice hunting, gathering, shifting cultivation and transhumance. However more and more settlements today are permanent settlements. In these settlements, people build homes to live in.

Melani is a domestic worker and she used to work with a rich family that lived in a three-storeyed house.
She had a very bad experience working there as follow
(i) Her memsahib was very strange. She used to shout all the time to get any work done.
(ii) Her day used to begin at 5 o'clock in the morning.
(iii) She was not allowed to have more than a cup of tea and two dry rotis.
(iv) She was also not allowed to wear chappals in the house. In winters, her feet would swell up with the cold.
(v) She was very scared of the memsahib but also felt angry and humiliated.

The given picture depicts the figure from Gita, the holy text of Hinduism. In the picture, the Lord Krishna is looking back to convince Arjuna, the one of five Pandavas to go ahead, fight for truth. Lord Krishna is explaining the philosophy of 'KARMA' (Duty) to Arjuna that is do your duty, under all circumstances and leave the rest on God.

The buildings shown in the figure were usually constructed as a matter of pride in old days. It was very difficult to construct them but were made by skillful masons, architects and labourers. The construction took a very long time and a number of labourers to get constructed. But now as technologies have advanced, we have many facilities, equipments, tools which can construct huge buildings very easily and in no time.

Due to high aridity, the vegetation is sparse. There are scanty patches of grasses and shrubs for animals to graze. Groves of willows and .poplars are seen in the valleys.
During the summers, fruit trees such as apples, apricots and walnuts bloom. Several species of birds are sighted in Ladakh. Robins, redstarts, Tibetan snowcock, raven and hoopoe are common. Some of these are migratory birds. The animals of Ladakh are wild goats, wild sheep, yak and special kinds of dogs. The animals are reared to provide for the milk, meat and hides. Yak's milk is used to make cheese and butter. The hair of the sheep and goat is used to make woollens.

Rashsundari Devi was born in West Bengal. When she was 60, she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban in Bangia. She was a housewife from a rich landlord's family and at that time it was considered bad luck for husbands if women learnt to read and write. Even then, she was determined to read and write. According to her autobiography, she used to work whole day and without taking any rest she learned to read. Though various negative thoughts crossed her mind, still she was still keen on studying. She secretly stole a page from her husband's 'Chaitanya Bhagabat and a page from her eldest son's copy. She matched the letters of manuscript the with her son's copy page and tried to learn. With great care and pains, she learnt how to read. Her writing gave the world an opportunity to know about women's lives in those days and her everyday experiences in detail.

Kerala Government has made efforts to provide adequate healthcare to its people. In 1996, the State Government gave its 40% budget to the Panchayats in order to provide better facilities and check the existing ones. Problems such as water supply schemes, specific problems of village were taken up. Proper planning was done for betterment of people. Safe water, food, women's, development and education were provided health centres were improved. Working of schools and anganwadis was ensured. All other problems were checked though some problems are there which have to be addressed.

From the above picture, it is inferred that people have gathered to raise their opinion for
some issue and protest the government. This type of public action is allowed in democratic government.

The mosques in Fig. 2, 3 and 4 show an evolution in the architectural tradition that culminates in Shah Jahan's mosque in Delhi. In Fig. 1 the earlier mosque is shown which is plain and rough. Only a centre hall mosque is there. Thereafter, in fig. 2, the mosque had many supporting masjids in the left and right side of the main hall.
Fig. 3 Moth ki Masjid, showed many soft skills, craftwork carved on the pillars, walls, Arabic calligraphy. The facade was decorated with Arabic calligraphy and vegetal motifs in the fig. 3 and 4. Craftsmen used corbelled arches, a technique commonly used in India. Different types of red sandstone marble were used to create such monuments. These all spoke highly about the art and culture that flourished during the Delhi Sultanate.

Human beings interact with the environment and modify natural environment according to their needs. They learn to grow crops, domesticate animals and lead a settled life. Then, they started trade through barter system but after the industrial revolution, they required market for further trade because earlier, before massive production, they only produced for subsistence.
They only exchanged goods which were required for daily life. During course of time, requirements of humans is increasing day-by-day. For this only they developed proper system of trade and commerce, so that they get goods at their door steps.

(a) The given picture is of Tropical Evergreen forests.
(b) The light of Sun do not penetrate through them because the trees of such forests are closely spaced and have thick canopies.

The large-scale use of wood is not good for the environment as it leads to deforestation and soil erosion.

Civil Rights Movement is a movement started in USA in late 1950s to push for equal rights for African- Americans. Rosa Parks was an African-American woman who refused to give up her seat in a bus to a white man. Her refusal started a huge agitation against the unequal ways in which African- Americans were treated and this came to be known as Civil Rights Movement.
The Civil Rights Act 1964, prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin. It also stated that all schools would be open to African-Americans and they would no longer have to attend separate schools.

There were several other societies in the subcontinent which did not follow the social rules and rituals prescribed by the Brahmanas. Such societies are called as tribes. Tribal people were found in every region of the subcontinent. In Punjab, the Khokhar tribe was influential during the 13th and 14th centuries. In Multan and Sind, the Langahs and Arghuns dominated extensive regions. The Balochis were large and powerful tribe, Gaddis. The Nagas, Ahoms lived in the North Eastern part of the subcontinent.
Chero, Mundas and Santhals were in Bihar, Jharkhand Orissa and Bengal.
The other tribes were the Kolis, Berads Koragas, Vetars, Maravars, Gonds etc.
The Bhils By the late 16th century many of them had become settled agriculturists and some even zamindars. So, now they considered forests, deserts and difficult places to reach as their home. They do not want to be treated as unequals as it is being practiced in varna system of society.

Earthquakes cannot be predicted but their impact can be minimised by the preparedness beforehand. Earthquake preparedness also deals with where to take shelter during an earthquake.
It is stated in the following points
(i) Safe Spot Under a kitchen counter, table or desk, against an inside corner or wall.
(ii) Stay Away from Fireplaces, areas around chimneys, windows that shatter including mirrors and picture frames.
(iii) Be Prepared Spread awareness amongst your friends and family members and face any disaster confidently.

i) During the 17th century the Sikhs paid attention into the state-building in the Punjab state. Several battles were fought by Guru Gobind Singh against the Rajput and Mughal rulers, both before and after the institution of the Khalsa in 1699. After his death, 1708, the Khalsa revolted against the Mughal authority under Banda Bahadur's leadership. The Sikhs declared their sovereign rule by striking coins in the name of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh and established their own administration between the Sutlej and the Jamuna. Under a number of able leaders in the 18th century, the Sikhs organised themselves into a number of bands called Jathas and later on misls. Their combined forces were known as the grand army (Dal Khalsa).
ii) A system called rakhi was introduced. By the late 18th century, the Sikh territories extended from the Indus to the Jamuna. Maharaja Ranjit Singh reunited the different Sikh groups.

By the 7th century, there emerged many kingdoms, big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent. The existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates. They were given military support by such existing kings.
Now, after some years Samanta became Maha-Samanta and asserted their independence from their overlords. In the mid-8th century, Rashtrakuta chief Dantidurga overthrew his Chalukyas overlord and performed Hiranya-Garbha. Due to which he was believed to get rebirth from other castes to Kshatriya. Many others left their traditional professions and took to arms and established a separate kingdom of their own. The Kadamba Mayurasharman and Gurjara- Pratihara Harichandra established kingdoms in Karnataka and Rajasthan.

The picture shows a scribe.
(b) He is making a copy of a manuscript.
(c) This painting is small in size, Because of smaller size, it is called as miniature  (10.5 cm by 7.1 ern).
(d) The two features of miniatures are 
(i) Miniature is used to illustrate the text of manuscripts
(ii) Miniatures are so beautiful that later collectors of manuscripts took the
manuscripts apart and just sold the miniatures.

Differences Map 1 and Map 2 given in the NCERT text book (Map 2) represent two different times
Map 1 was made in 1154 CE by Al-ldrisi, an Arab geographer, the map given here is the map of Indian subcontinent from his larger map of the world.
Map 2 was made by a French cartographer in 1720. Both maps are quite different from each other in mode of presentation and contexts. However, both traced the outlines of the area of Indian subcontinent in their cartography.
Similarities Map 1, South India was at that place where North India is at present and Sri Lanka is the island the top. Name of place were in Arabic. Today's map of India is far ahead of Map 1 and Map 2. It is made to scale and shows clear-cut boundaries and areas.

Do yourself.

From the young age, society makes a clear distinction between the two genders. Boys are given cars and girls are given dolls. Through the toys the difference starts. The girls are dressed differently, are asked to speak softly. Boys on the other hand play different games, are considered to be tough. Through this the children are conditioned to play the specific role when they grow up. This even, affects our subject and career choices later in the life.

Most of the people in my neighbourhood use the Internet.

The Prairies are known as the 'Granaries of the World' because of the huge surplus of Wheat production.

(i) A chain of markets links the producer of cotton to the buyer of the shirt in the supermarket.
(ii) Buying and selling takes place at every step in the chain.
(iii) Everyone in the chain does not benefit equally from this. The retailer benefits the most from this chain.

Drink safe live safe :
Avoid drinking impure water and keep your life safe. Safety is in our hands.

(a) Scooter, auto rickshaw, bus
(b) motorcycle, car, bus, Metro.
(c) walking, cycle.

In this case, the above law is not implemented. To make the building accessible for him, it should have a plain surface so that he can move in or out easily and on his own. Being carried down the stairs shows his dependence which affects his dignity and also his safety because there is a chance of getting hurt if he slips down.

Students can collect photographs of different mountain landscapes, coastal beaches, wildlife sanctuaries and places of historical importance such as Taj Mahal, Red Fort, Qutub Minar, etc., from different magazines and newspapers.

Yes, I have seen tribal people when I went for a visit to Chhattisgarh last year. Some states where tribal people live in India include Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and some parts of north-eastern states.

Tumbler beaker-Made of Glass.
Table - Made from wood
Utensils - Made from steel.

First of all we have to choose a safe place, like under a table or desk against an inside corner of school wall.
Second, we have to stay away from fire places, areas around chimneys, windows that shatter including mirrors and picture frames.

Three states have been created in the last 10 years, named Jharkand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand. Yes, each of these states is a region.

The list of the towns in our district as administrative and pilgrim centres are as follows :
Administrative centre -Agra, Fatehpur Sikri.
Pilgrim/temple centre -Mathura, Vrindavan.

Mirabai was the disciple of Ravidas, a saint from a caste considered untouchable, but the Royal family of Mewar did not like this and had enmity against Mirabai, so she left the Rana's palace.

 Akbar is holding discussions with learned individuals of different faiths in the Ibadat Khana. This miniature painting is an illustration to the Akbar Nama. This miniature painting was prepared by Nar Singh, CE.1605.

The names of languages which changed over time are as follows
Lahori : Punjabi
Telangani : Telugu
Gujari : Gujarati
Mabari : Tamil
Gauri : Bengali
Hindawi : Hindi

TMS helped the fish workers in following ways:
(i)TMS set up the cooperative.
(ii) These cooperatives would buy the catch from them at a fair price.
(iii)The cooperative would then arrange to transport and sell this in markets where they would get a good price.
(iv) They have now begun to earn three times more than they earned earlier.
(v) The TMS has also began giving the fish workers loans for repairs and for buying of new nets. By managing to earn a higher wage as well as preserving the fish in the reservoir, the TMS has shown that when people's organisation get their rights to livelihood, they can be good managers.

(i) Media plays a very significant role in a democracy. It providers news and discusses events related to the country or world.
(ii) It helps the citizens to know about the working of the government, and if required, bring forth the the problems.
(iii) Media helps the people of around the world to known and understand about what is going on in other parts of the world.
(iv)Media helps by "setting the agenda" and helps people to organize protests
(v) Media propagates the policies and programmes of the government and criticizes the unpopular policies.
(vi) It reports crimes, mishappenings and creates opinion about them as well.

(i) People grow most of their food in small areas after clearing some trees in the forest. Work is distributed among men and women. Men hunt and fish along the rivers and women take care of the crops.
(ii) They mainly grow tapioca, pineapple and sweet potato. Cash crops like coffee, maize and cocoa are also grown. They practise "slash and burn agriculture"
(iii) As hunting and fishing are uncertain it is the women who keep their families alive by feeding them the vegetables they grow.
(iv) The staple food is manioc, also known as cassava, that grows under the ground like the potato. They also eat queen ants and egg sacs
(v) The rainforests provide a lot of wood for the houses. Some families live in thatched houses shaped like beehives. There are other large apartments-like houses called Maloca with a steeply slanting roof.

Societies make clear distinctions between boys and girls. This begins from a very young age.
(i)We are given different toys to play with. Boys are usually given cars to play with and girls dolls.
(ii) Toys become a way of telling children that they will have different futures when they become men and women.
(iii)This difference is created in the smallest and everyday things. Girls need to talk softly and boys need to be tough.
(iv) All these are ways of telling children that they have specific roles to play when they grow up to be men and women.
(v) Later in life this affects the subjects we can study or the careers we can choose.

(i) We can recognise markets easily.
(ii) There are also such markets that we do not know.
(iii) A large number of goods are bought and sold that we do not use directly.
Examples
(a) A farmer uses fertilizers to grow crops.
(b) He purchases them from special shops in the city.
(c) These shops get them from factories.
(iv) Likewise a car factory purchases engine, gears, petrol tanks, axles, wheels, etc. from various other factories.
(v) We do not usually see all the buying and selling of these ancillaries but only the final product-the car in the showroom.
(vi) The story is similar for any other good.

(i) Public health services are run by government while private health services are managed by the individuals or companies.
(ii) Public health care services provide healthcare facilities either free of cost or at a low cost so that even the poor can seek treatment easily. So far private health services are concerned, they are run mainly for profit. They usually prescribe expensive treatment. It is common for private doctors to prescribe unnecessary medicines, injections or saline bottle when tablets or simple medicines can suffice.
(iii) Public health services are found both in rural and urban areas, while private health services are found in urban areas only.
(iv) Due to the huge rush in government hospitals, people have to wait for hours in a long queue But private hospitals are maintained properly and people don't face such long queues there.

(i) Prairies is a region of flat, gently sloping or hilly land. Mostly, prairies are treeless but, near the low lying plains, flanking river valleys, woodlands can be found.
(ii) Tall grass, upto two metres high, dominates the landscape. It is actually a "Sea of grass."
(iii) The prairies are bound by the Rocky Mountains in the West and the Great Lakes in the East.
(iv) In the USA, the area is drained by the tributaries of Mississippi and the Canadian prairies are drained by the tributaries of Saskatchewan rivers.

When they both were treated unequally, their dignity was violated and they felt humiliated. (i)Omprakash Valmiki's schoolmates and teachers badly hurt his dignity, by making him sweep the school, because of his caste. He felt that he was less than equal to all other students in the school. (ii) Valmiki's father felt angry by this unequal treatment. He confronted the teachers.
(iii)The Ansari's dignity was also hurt when people refused to lease their apartments to them.
(iv) Their dignity was also violated, when the property dealer suggested them to change their name.
(v) They both did not deserved to be treated like this. They deserve the same respect and dignity as others.

(i) Ladakh is a cold desert situated in the Great Himalayas, on the eastern side of Jammu and Kashmir.
(ii) It is flanked by the Karakoram Range in the north and the Zanskar mountains in the south.
(iii) Several rivers flow through Ladakh, these rivers form deep valleys and gorges.
(iv) Several glaciers including Gangri glacier are found in Ladakh.
(v) The altitude in Ladakh varies from about 3000m in Kargil to more than 8,000m in the Karakoram

(i) In the early times, human beings lived on trees and in caves.
(ii) When they started to grow crops it became necessary to have a permanent home.
(iii) The settlements grew near the river valleys as water was available and land was fertile.
(iv) Human settlements became larger with the development of trade, commerce and manufacturing. (v) Settlement flourished and civilisations developed near river valleys

Coffee Bite
(i) Dancing and playing of kids and irritating the adults.
(ii) No values but entertainment.
(iii) Kids, and leaving the adults.
(iv) obviously bad.
Maaza
(i) kid keen to have mangoes from tree when he is unable to, he finds Maaza good alternative.
(ii) Mangoes are easily available as the Maaza.
(iii) People who can afford it and leave out who don't
(iv) Feels neglected.

The watan jagirs of the Rajputs:
(i) Many Rajput kings mostly of Amber and Jodhpur, had served under the Mughals with distinction.
(ii) In exchange, they were permitted to enjoy considerable autonomy in their watan jagirs.
(iii) In the eighteenth century, these rulers attempted to extend their control over adjacent regions.
(iv) Ajit Singh, the ruler of Jodhpur, was also involved in the factional politics at the Mughal court.
(v) These Rajput families claimed the subedari of the rich provinces of Gujarat and Malwa.
Raja Ajit Singh of Jodhpur held the governorship of Gujarat.
Sawai Raja [ai Singh of Amber was governor of Malwa.
(vi) These offices were renewed by Emperor Jahandar Shah in 1713.
(vii) They also tried to extend their territories by seizing portions of imperial territories adjacent to their watans.
Nagaur was conquered and annexed to the house of Jodhpur.
Amber seized large portions of Bundi. Sawai Raja [ai Singh founded his new capital at Jaipur.
He was given the subedari of Agra in 1722.
(viii) Maratha campaigns into Rajasthan from the 1740s put severe pressure on these principalities and checked their further expansion.

Types of forests:
(i) Tropical Evergreen Forests
(ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests
(iii) Temperate Evergreen Forests
(iv) Temperate Deciduous Forests
(v) Mediterranean Vegetation
(vi) Coniferous Forests.
(i) Tropical Evergreen Forests:
These forests are very dense and occur in the regions near the equator and close to the tropics. These regions receive heavy rainfall throughout the year. The trees of these forests do not shed their leaves altogether and thus they remain evergreen. The thick canopies of the closely-spaced trees do not allow the sunlight to penetrate inside the forest even in the day time. Hardwood trees like rosewood, ebony and mahogany are common here.
(ii) Tropical Deciduous Forests:
Tropical deciduous are the monsoon forests found in regions experiencing seasonal changes. Trees shed their leaves in the dry season to conserve water. The hardwood trees found in these forests are sal, teak, neem and shisham. Tigers, lions, elephants, langoors and monkeys are the common animals of these regions.
(iii) Temperate Evergreen Forests:
The temperate evergreen forests are found in the eastern margin of the continents. They comprise both hard and soft wood trees like oak, pine, eucalyptus, etc.
(iv) Temperate Deciduous Forests:
These trees are found in the northeastern part of the USA, China, New Zealand and Chile. They are also found in the coastal regions of Western Europe. They shed their leaves in the dry season. The common trees are oak, ash, beech, etc. Deer, foxes, wolves are common animals found in this region.
(v) Mediterranean Vegetation:
These are mostly found in the areas around the South-West Margins of the continents. Citrus fruits such as oranges, figs, olives and grapes are commonly cultivated here. There is not much wildlife here.
(vi) Coniferous Forests:
These forests are also called Taiga. They are also seen in the higher altitudes. They are tall, softwood evergreen trees. Chir, pine, cedar are the important varieties of trees in these forests. Silver fox, mink, polar bear are the common animals found here.

(i) Almost all adult males served in the army during war.
(ii) They were also engaged in building dams, irrigation systems and other public works.
(iii) The Ahoms also introduced new method of rice cultivation.
(iv) Ahom society was divided into clans or khels. 
(v) There were very few castes of artisans, so they came from the adjoining kingdoms.
(vi) A khel often controlled several villages. 
(vii) The peasant was given land by his village community.
(viii) Even the king could not take it away without the community's consent.
(ix) In the beginning the Ahoms worshipped their own tribal gods.
(x) During the first half of the seventeenth century, they were influenced by Brahmanas. Temples and Brahmanas were granted land by the king. In the reign of Sib Singh (1714-1744), Hinduism became their major religion.
(xi) The Ahom kings did not completely give up their traditional beliefs after adopting Hinduism.
(xii) Ahom society was very sophisticated. Poets and scholars were given land grants. Theatre was encouraged. Important works of Sanskrit were translated into the local languages. Historical works, known as buranjis, were also written-first in the Ahom language and then in Assamese.

Rocks are constantly being formed, worn down and then formed again. It takes thousands and millions of years for rocks to change. This process of transformation of the rock from one form to another is called rock cycles.

(i) When the molten magma cools down, it solidifies to become igneous rocks.
(ii) These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles, known as sediments.
(iii) These sediments are transported and deposited to form sedimentary rocks.
(iv) When these igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat and pressure, they change into metamorphic rocks.
(v) The metamorphic rocks which are still under heat and pressure, melt down to form molten magma, which again cools and solidifies into igneous rocks.

Rajputs are closely associated with the culture of Rajasthan.
These cultural traditions were closely linked with the ideals and aspirations of rulers. Rajasthan was ruled by various Rajput families. The name of the Prithviraj is worth mentioned, because he was one of the ablest Rajput ruler.
These rulers cherished the ideal of the hero who fought valiantly, often choosing death on the battlefield rather than face defeat.
Stories about Rajput heroes were recorded in poems and songs, which were recited by specially trained minstrels. These preserved the memories of heroes and were expected to inspire others to follow their example.
Ordinary people were also attracted by these stories which often depicted dramatic situations, and a range of strong emotions -loyalty, friendship, love, valour, and anger.

From the early times human beings have been interacting with the environment and they modified it according to their needs.
Early humans adapted themselves to the natural surroundings. They led a simple life and fulfilled their needs from the nature around them. But their needs kept on increasing. They became varied also. For fulfilling their needs, human beings learnt new ways to change the environment. They learnt to grow crops, domesticate animals and led a settled
life. The wheel was invented. Surplus food was produced. Barter system emerged. Transportation became faster, trade started, commerce developed and information revolution made communication easier and speedy across the world. Industrial revolution made possible and large scale production started.
In the present environment, mind-boggling variety of clothes, games, food items are purchased.
In this way human beings adapted to the environment in order to fulfil their needs

(i) Kabul became commercially and politically important from 16th century onwards because along with Kandahar it was linked to the "Silk Route".
(ii) Trade in horses was mainly carried through this route.
(iii) Camels carried dry fruits, carpets, Silk, dates and fruits from Kabul to the subcontinent.
(iv) Slaves were also brought over here for sale.

The creation of large empires that brought different regions under their rule helped in the cross fertilization of artistic forms and architectural styles. Mughal rulers were skilled in adapting regional architectural styles in the construction of their own buildings. For example, in Bengal, rulers had developed a roof that was designed to resemble a thatched hut.
The Mughals liked this "Bangla dome" so much that they used it in their architecture.
In Akbar's capital at Fatehpur Sikri many of the buildings bear the impact of the architectural styles of Gujarat and Malwa.
The authority of the Mughal rulers waned in the eighteenth century; the architectural styles developed under their patronage were constantly used and adapted by other rulers whenever they tried to establish their own kingdoms.

Guru Nanak and (1469-1539) born at Talwandi (Nankana Sahib in Pakistan). He travelled widely before establishing a centre at Kartarpur (Dera Baba Nanak on the river Ravi). A regular worship that consisted of the singing of his own hymns was established there for his followers.
Irrespective of their previous creed, caste or gender, his followers ate together in the common kitchen (langar). The holy space thus created by Guru Nanak was known as dharmsal. It is now known as Gurdwara.
Before his death in 1539, Guru Nanak appointed one of his followers as his successor. His name was Lehna but later he came to be known as Guru Angad, representing that he was a part of Guru Nanak himself.
Guru Angad compiled the compositions of Guru Nanak, to which he added his own new script known as Gurmukhi.
The three successors of Guru Angad also wrote under the name of 'Nanak' and all of their compositions were compiled by Guru Arjan in 1604. In 1706 this compilation was authenticated by his son and successor, Guru Gobind Singh. It is now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of the Sikhs.

(i) When the Mughal Empire declined in the eighteenth century, it resulted into the reemergence of regional states.
(ii) Years of imperial, pan-regional rule had transformed the character of the regions.
(iii) Across most of the subcontinent, the regions were left with the legacies of the big and small states that ruled over them.
(iv) This was clear in the emergence of various distinct and shared traditions: in the style of governance, the management of the economy, elite cultures and language.
(v) Through the thousand years between 700 and 1750 A.D, the character of the different regions did not grow in isolation.
They felt the impact of larger pan-regional forces of integration, without losing their own character.