In Panchayati Raj System, one-third of the seats are reserved for the women. This reservation should also be done for State Legislature and Parliament. But, the
Women Reservation Bill is a pending bill in India which proposes to amend the Constitution of India to reserve 33 per cent of all seats in the Lok Sabha and in all State Legislative Assembly for women.
This bill should be passed for the following reasons
• To increase women participation in politics and society.
• To increase opportunity and respect for women.

These newspaper clippings are all related to Panchayats. All the seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies in the Panchayat area. Panchayats are meant for the decentralisation of power. The clippings show that a huge number of women are elected to Panchayats and justice had been made easily accessible to villagers.
These also reflect that Panchayats get direct funding from the Central Government but State Government oppose it.

In Belgium, the tension existed between the Dutch and French speaking people in the following ways
• The minority French-speaking community was relatively rich and powerful. This made the Dutch-speaking community angry who got the benefit of economic development and education much later.
• The social disparity between Dutch-speaking and French-speaking communities during the 1950s and 1960sled to tensions between them.
• The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels, the capital of Belgium, as the Dutch-speaking People constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in Brussels.

The prudential reason for power sharing helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups. An example is the reservation of constituencies for SC, ST and other minorities in India. In this way, the power sharing tries to reduce the possibility of conflicts.
Moral reason for power sharing is based on moral considerations. An example of power sharing for a moral reason is decentralisation of powers in India
through formation of local, state and central governments operating at different levels. Here power is morally shared between different governments.

The base of the boot symbolises the kingdom of the Two Silicates, which lay in the Southernmost part of the Italian peninsula. Garibaldi had won this Kingdom and handed it over to King Victor Emmanuel I. This cartoon signifies the unification of Italy and Garibaldi's role in it.

(a) A coalition government can explode or break at any point due to conflicts.

(b) Government run by parties having different and opposite views and opinions.

The painter depicted Germania as a fallen woman with the crown and stick thrown aside because German people's hopes to be united under one monarch (King Fried rich Wilhelm IV) were not fulfilled as he rejected their demand in 1848. The artist, Julius Hubner, depicted Germania in a miserable state due to the rejection by the king. It symbolised the loss of hope. The crown and stick are symbols of the monarchy, which have been cast aside.

In modern democracies, the following are some of the important forms of power sharing
(i) Power Sharing among the Different Organs of Government (i.e. Horizontal distribution of power) In this form of power sharing, power is assigned by the
Constitution among different organs of government such as the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. This type of distribution ensures separation of powers
among the organs at the same level, so that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power. Each organ puts a check on the others in order to maintain balance
of power under the system of checks and balances.
(ii) Power Sharing among Governments at Different Levels (i.e. Vertical distribution of powersharing) In this form of power sharing, power is shared at the different levels of government.
The overall governing body for the country is known as 'Union Government' or 'Federal Government' and the government at the Constituent units is known as State Government. The third or lowest level is Local Government. eg. Municipalities and Panchayats in India.
(iii) Power Sharing among Political Parties, Pressure Groups and Movements In a democracy, power is shared among different political parties that represent different ideologies and social groups. Sometimes, this kind of sharing can be direct, when two or more parties form an alliance to contest elections. If their alliance is elected, they form a Coalition Government and thus share power. An example is the NDA government in India, which is a Coalition government. In a democracy, various pressure groups and movements have an indirect share in government power, either through participation in government committees or bringing influence on the decision making process.
(iv) Power Sharing Among Different Social Groups In a democracy, especially, in multi-ethnic society, power is also shared among social groups such as religious
and linguistic groups. 'Community government' in Belgium is a good example of this arrangement.

The Frankfurt Parliament, which was convened in the church of St Paul on 18th May, 1848, was the first major step towards the unification of German states. Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, carried out the process of unification with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy.
The building process of Germany after 1848 include the following events
• The liberal initiatives of nation building were repressed by the monarchy and big landlords of Prussia. From then on, Prussia took the initiative to unify Germany.
• There were widespread nationalist feelings among middle-class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a Nation-state.
• Bismarck was convinced that the unification of Germany could only be achieved by the princes, not by the common people. He wanted to achieve his aim by merging Prussia into Germany. In 1867, Bismarck became the Chancellor of the North Confederation.
• Bismarck's main objective was to unify Germany and was accomplished by three wars with Austria, Denmark and France which were fought in a brief period of seven years. These wars were ended with the victory of Prussia which helped in completing the process of German unification.
• On 18th January, 1871, in the Royal Palace of Versailles, the king of Prussia, Kaiser William I was crowned as the German Emperor. It symbolised the birth of a United Germany.

The USA and Switzerland have federal system of Government.

In our Constitution, police matter comes under State list and police has the responsibility to maintain law and order in the state.
So, Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha have full rights to manage the law and order situation in their states in response to naxalism.
Prime Minister of India or Union Government cannot force the state to obey his order on police matter. But both Union and State Government cannot ignore the problems of naxalism which is present in almost 10 states. So, it will be better that different State Governments along with Union Governments come together and form a common policy to deal with this problem.

The name of the state proposed by the Sri Lankan Tamil was Tamil Eelam.

The main aim of the French Revolutionaries was to liberate the people of France and also the people of Europe from despotism and establish nation-state under common people's rule.