(a) Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals.
(b) Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments as haves and have notes or rich and poor.
(c) Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.

It held at Rio de Janerio in Brazil.
It is the first ever International Earth Summit.
It is United Nations Conference on Environment and Development [UNCED].
The Summit was aimed at the urgent problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development at the global level.
The assembled leaders signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention recognised 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.

(i) The three states having black soil are Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. The crops, which mainly grown are cotton, tobacco and sugarcane.
(ii) Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the Eastern coast. Three main features of this type of soil are
(a) It is very fertile.
(b) It contains adequate proportion of potash, phosphoric acid and lime.
(c) It is more alkaline in the drier areas.
(iii) Following steps should be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas
(a) Afforestation This is done by planting trees.
(b) Terrace farming and contour ploughing This is done across the hill slopes.
(c) Restricted grazing of animals Animals should be moved over different pastures so as to avoid erosion of soil.
(d) Plugging of gullies By this method, gully erosion can be prevented

(i) Land resources in India are primarily divided into agricultural land, forest land, land meant for pasture and grazing, land for other non-agricultural use (such as housing, roads and industry) and waste land (rocky,arid and desert areas). According to recent data available, (2014-15) the percentage of Net Sown Area (NSA) in India is about 45.5% of the total reporting area 23.3% is covered by forests and 3.38% is used for grazing. The rest is waste land with traces of miscellaneous cultivation.
Land under forest has increased by only above 5 per cent since 1960-61 due to following reasons
Improper use of forest land has degraded the available land area and made conservation of forests difficult.
Human activities such as deforestation, mining and quarrying have contributed to the slow growth rate of forests.
(ii) The following technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources
(a) Technological development has led to industrialisation which has increased the use of natural resources.
(b) Technological development has converted the subsistence agriculture to commercial agriculture and this has led to the over-utilisation of soil.
(c) Technological development has also improved the process of mining.
(d) The development of technology contributed to increase in production of quality goods and provision of better services to the people.
(e) Economic development has led to increasing urbanisation and modernisation which demand more resources.

(I) Black soil (ii) Arid soil
(iii) Laterite soil (iv) Forest and Mountainous soil
(v) Alluvial soil (vi) Red and Yellow soil