Budding, fragmentation and regeneration are considered as asexual types of reproduction because gamete formation does not happen during these modes of reproduction and a single parent carries out the process of reproduction.
The above figures shows regeneration in planaria:
When the body of planaria is cut off into several part, each part regenerates its complementary part to develop into a new individual.

(a) When the object is placed in front of a convex lens between its optical centre and principal focus (i.e., between O and F₁)

The image formed is 
(i) behind the object (on the same date) 
(ii) virtual 
(iii) magnified 
(b) -u (OB) 
-v (OB') 
+(OF)
The relation between u, v and f is 
given by the lens formula \(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ u } -\frac { 1 }{ v } \)
As both (u) and (v) are negative, the above equation will change to
\(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ (-v) } -\frac { 1 }{ (-u) } \)
\(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { -1 }{ v } -\frac { 1 }{ u } \)
\(\Rightarrow \frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ u } -\frac { 1 }{ v } \)
(c) Type of lens = Convex lens 
Object distance, u = -20 cm 
Magnification, m = -1 
Nature of image = Real and inverted
\(\because \quad m=\frac { v }{ u } \)
\(-1=\frac { v }{ -2 } \)
\(\Rightarrow v=+20cm\)
According to the lens formula
\(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ v } -\frac { 1 }{ u } \)
\(\Rightarrow \frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ 20 } -\frac { 1 }{ -20 } \)
\(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ 20 } +\frac { 1 }{ 20 } \)
\(\Rightarrow \frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 2 }{ 20 } \)
\(f=+10cm=\frac { 10 }{ 100 } m=\frac { 1 }{ 10 } m\)
\(\therefore \quad power,P=\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ 1/10 } =+10D\)

In a concave mirror an erect image will be obtained when the object is placed between pole and focus of the mirror.

Since, focal length is 12 cm, 
(i) Therefore, the range of object distance is between 0 cm to <12 cm (from zero to less than 12 cm). 
(ii) Image formed wall be magnified. i.e. larger than the object. 
(iii) If the object is placed at 24 cm in front of the mirror, it means that object is placed at 2F. ie., at the centre of curvature (at C) of the mirror.

The real, inverted and same size (of the object) image will also be formed at 24 cm.

Given 
(a) Position of candle = 12.0 cm 
Position of convex lens = 50.0 cm 
Position of the screen = 88.0 cm 
Therefore u = 50.0 - 12.0 = 38.0 cm 
v = 88.0-50.0 = 38.0 cm 
Therefore u = v 
Hence both lie at 2F, 
therefore F = 38/2 = 19 cm. 
(b) u = 50.0-31.0 = -19 cm 
f = +19 cm, v = ?
Using \(\frac { 1 }{ f } =\frac { 1 }{ u } +\frac { 1 }{ v } \)
We have \(\frac { 1 }{ 19 } =\frac { -1 }{ 19 } +\frac { 1 }{ v } \)
or v=infinity.
(c) If he further shifts the candle towards the lens the image will become virtual and erect. 
(d) The ray diagram is as shown

Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohols to form ester. For example, when ethanoic acid is warmed with ethanol in presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid as catalyst, an ester (ethyl ethanoate, commonly called ethyl acetate) and water are formed.
\(\underset{Acetic\ or\ ethanoic\ acid}{CH_COOH}+\underset{Ethanol}{C_2H_5OH}\xrightarrow{Conc. H_2SO_4}\underset{Ethyl\ ethanoate}{CH_3COOC_2H_5}+\underset{Water}{H_2O)}\)
Ester are sweet -smelling substances. So they are widely used in making perfumes and flavoring agents. Further, the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol to form a sweet ester is used as a test for alcohols as well as carboxylic acids.

(a) The main ore of aluminium is bauxite ore. Its formula is A1₂0₃.The impurities sociated with this ore are iron oxide and sand. .
(b) The reaction involved in obtaining pure alumina from mineral bauxite having impurities of iron oxide and silica are:
     (i) \(\underset { Aluminiumoxide\\ (frombauxiteore) }{ { A1 }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 3 } } +\underset { Sodiumhydroxide\\ \quad (hot) }{ 2NaOH(aq) } \rightarrow \underset { Sodiumaluminate\\ \quad (Soluble) }{ { 2NaA1O }_{ 2 }(aq) } +\underset { Water }{ { H }_{ 2 }O(1) } \)
    The iron oxide and silica (sand) present in the bauxite ore do not dissolve in sodium hydroxide solution. Therefore, they are separated by filtration.
     (ii) \(\underset { Sodiumaluminate }{ { NaA1O }_{ 2 }(aq) } +\underset { Water }{ { 2H }_{ 2 }O(1) } \rightarrow \underset { Aluminiumhydroxide\\ \quad (Whiteppt) }{ { A1(OH) }_{ 3 }(s) } +\underset { Sodiumhydroxide }{ NaOH(aq) } \)
     (iii) \(\underset { Aluminiumhydroxide }{ { 2A1(OH) }_{ 3 }(s) } \underrightarrow { heat } \underset { Aluminiumoxide\\ \quad (Pure) }{ { A1 }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 3 }(s) } +\underset { Steam }{ { 3H }_{ 2 }O(g) } \)

(i) An alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals. It sometimes contains a non -metal component also.
(ii) It is made by heating the components in a definite proportion and then uniformly mixing them in the molten state and then cooling.
(iii) Two purposes of making alloys are:
     (a) To make a substance resistant to corrosion
     (b) To make a substance strong and hard
(iv) Constituents of Stainless steel:
     Iron, nickel, and chromium
(v) Two properties of stainless steel are:
     (a) It is resistant to corrosion.
     (b) It is more durable.
(vi) Constituents of Brass:
      Copper and Zinc
(vii) Two properties of brass are:
       (a) It is resistant to corrosion.
      (b) It is more malleable.

Food is prepared in the green leaves of the plant by combining carbon dioxide and water in presence of sunlight and chlorophyll. The carbon dioxide required for photosynthesis is taken by the plants from air. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny pores called stomata. The water required is taken from soil. The sunlight provides the energy required to carry out the preparation of food. The green pigment called chlorophyll present in green leaves help to absorb energy from sunlight. The oxygen produced as a by-product goes into the air.
The food prepared by the green leaves is in the form of glucose. This glucose is sent to different parts of the plant. The excess glucose is changed into starch and is stored in the leaves of the plant. The food prepared by photosynthesis provides all the energy to a plant which it needs to grow. Thus, it is clear that the green plants convert sunlight energy into chemical energy. by making food. When we eat plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, food grains etc., the chemical energy stored in them is released in our body during respiration.
During the process of photosynthesis, the following three steps take place:
(i) Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of sunlight energy into chemical energy and splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using sunlight energy.
(iii) Reduction of carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates using the chemical energy.

The endocrine and neural system both works together for the normal functioning of our body. The synthesis and release of certain hormones is regulated by the neural system. Also, the release of certain hormones influences the activity of nerves.
For example, hypothalamus receives neural signals from brain and releases hormones.
In case of deficiency of iodine, body produces less thyroxine hormone. Hypothalamus releases hormones to stimulate pituitary gland which further stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyoxine.

The Substance which is used for making different shapes is Plaster of Paris.  Its chemical name is calcium sulphate hemihydrate \([CaSO_4.1/2H_2O].\) The two formula unit of \(CaSO_4\) share one molecule of water.  As a result, it is soft.  When it is left open for some time, it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere and forms gypsum, which is a hard solid mass.

\(\underset{Plaster\ of\ Paris}{​​CaSO_4.{1\over 2}H_2O}+1{1\over2}{H_2O}\rightarrow \underset{Gypsum}{CaSO_4.2H_2O}\)

(a) The element A which is a yellow solid at room temperature and shows catenation and allotropy is sulphur (S).
(b) The atomic number of sulphur is 16. Therefore, its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 6.
(c) \(\underset { Ferroussulphate }{ { 2FeSO }_{ 4 } } \underrightarrow { Heat } \underset { Ferricoxide }{ { Fe }_{ 2 }{ O }_{ 3 } } +\underset { Sulphurdioxide }{ { SO }_{ 2 } } +\underset { Sulphurtrioxide }{ { SO }_{ 3 } } \)
    Both SO₂ and SO₃ are major air pollutions.
(d) Since sulphur is a non-metal, therefore both S02 and S03 are acidic oxide since they dissolve in water to form the corresponding acids.
        \(\underset { Sulphurdioxide }{ { SO }_{ 2 } } +\underset { Water }{ { H }_{ 2 }O } \rightarrow \underset { Sulphurousacid }{ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 3 } } \\ \underset { Ferroustrioxide }{ { SO }_{ 3 } } +\underset { Water }{ { H }_{ 2 }O } \rightarrow \underset { Sulphuricacid }{ { H }_{ 2 }{ SO }_{ 4 } } \)
(e) Since sulphur contains six valence electrons, therefore it lies in group 6 + 10 = 16.Further, since atomic number of sulphur (S) is 16. It lies in the 3rd period.

(a) The electronic configuration of element A with atomic number 17 is 2, 8, 7. Since it has 7 valence electrons, therefore, it lies in group 17 (1O + 7). Further, since in element A, third shell is being filled, it lies in third period. In other words A is chlorine.
Further, the electronic configuration of element B with atomic number 20 is 2, 8, 8,2. Since it has 2 valence electrons, it lies in the group 2. Further since in element B fourth shell is being filled, it lies in 4th period.
(b) Since element A has seven electrons in the valence shell and needs one more electron to complete its octet therefore it is a non-metal. Further since element B has two electrons in the valance shell which it can easily lose to achieve the stable electronic configuration of the nearest inert gas, therefore it is a metal.
(c) Since element B is a metal therefore its oxide (CaO) must be basic in nature. Further since metals and non -metals form ionic compounds, therefore the natyre of bonding in calcium oxide is ionic.
(d) The electron dot structure of divalent metal halide CaC1₂ is
       

Since the traits inherit independently there is appearance of new combinations of characters in F₂ progeny.

Only those changes in the DNA or germ cells will be passed on to the progeny resulting in the variations in them. Since acquired characters do not produce any change in the DNA of germ cells, they cannot be inherited.