Dinoflagellates are unicellular, motile, photosynthetic protists. They have a well defined nucleus and possess two different flagella one transverse and the other is longitudinal. They belong to kingdom-Protista.

When female mosquito like Anopheles, suck human blood, it simultaneously injects a poisonous liquid containig protozoan cells into our blood. This poison causes the itching and causes swelling of the area.

Lichens growing on rocks secrete organic acids like oxalic acid. The acids enter the rock and produce a number of honey comb-like small crevices. Mass spores are able to grow over such crevices and start the process of succession and soil formation.

Ascospore formation is the characteristic of class-Ascomycetes. Ascospores are a type of non-motile meiospores which are produced inside special sacs called asci (sing. ascus). An ascus often contains 8 ascospores because meiosis is accompanied by one mitotic division

Neurospora (pink bread mould) is often called Drosophila of plant kingdom. It is haploid in nature which helps in immediate expression of every mutation. Beadle and Tatum used it as an experimental tool to find out that genes express their effect through synthesis of specific enzymes.

Some fungi have evolved essential relationships with the roots of many living plants.
These fungi grow around and into the roots. Both partners benefit so that neither would thrive without the other. This partnership is called mycorrhizal symbiosis.