(i) Rudolf Virchow (1855) first explained that the cells divide and new cells are formed from the pre-existing cells.
(ii) Schleiden and Schwann observed the cells and cell membranes for the first time. They proposed that animal and plant cells are composed of cells and products of cells.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration. This includes ERV + RV.
ERV = 1000 to 1100 ml
RV = 1100 to 1200 ml
So, FRC = 2100 to 2300 ml

Substrate level phosphorylation is a type of metabolism that results in the formation and creation of Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) or Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO₃) group to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) or Guanosine Diphosphate (GDP) to form a phosphorylated reactive intermediate.

Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria have photosynthetic lamellae (membranes) suspended freely in the cytoplasm.These carry bacteriochlorophyll to conduct photosynthesis.

Plants obtain sulphur in the form of sulphate  \(({ SO }_{ 4 }^{ 2- })\) and  is the main constituent of several coenzymes, vitamines(thiamine,biotin,coenzymeA) and ferredoxin.It plays role in the synthesis of chorophyll.It is essential for nodulation in legumes.It determines the structure of protein.Sulphur is present in two amino acids, i.e cysteine and methionine.

If a leaf of potato plant is illuminated in the presence of radioactive ¹⁴C₂ , it forms radioactive products of photosynthesis. These products with radioactivity are then transported to the stem and can be easily detected by autoradiography which proves that these substances are translocated through phloem and particularly through the sieve tubes.

Semipermeable membrane Animal bladder, parchment paper and egg membrane
Selectively permeable Plasmalemma and tonoplast

The number of chromosomes during metaphase will be 32. Also the DNA content during anaphase will be same as in the parent cell.

The body of a multicellular organism has cell as a basic structural unit. The cells are organised to form tissues such as blood, bone, etc. The tissue are organised to form organs such as heart, kidney, etc. The organs are then organised to form organ systems such as digestive system, reproductive system respiratory system, etc. The various organ system of organism gets arranged to form a complete individual.

The nucleolus is a ribosome factory. It combines RNAs with proteins to produce ribosome subunits. After their formation, the ribosome subunits pass out and get established in the cytoplasm. It also receives and stores ribosomal proteins formed in the cytoplasm.

The anal styles are present in males. These are absent in female cockroach.

Palms have a thickeing meristerm below their leaf primordia. It adds ground parenchyma and vascular bundles continously. The ground parenchyma may also further divide even after the completion of elongation. This leads to increase in girth like dicot plants.

Mango and coconut are drupe fruits. They develop from monocarpellary superior ovaries and are one seeded. It is differentiated into outer thin epicarp, middle fleshy mesocarp and inner stony endocarp.
 

The edible part of coconut (Cocos nucifera) is endosperm. The milk of tender coconut represents the oily endosperm in liquid form. Later it gets deposited along the walls of endocarp and forms edible flesh.

(i) Stilt roots of maize/sugar cane.
(ii) Prop roots of banyan.

Some cyanobacteria or blue-green algae like Nostoc and Oscillatoria can tolerate adverse conditions including pollutants very well, as compared to other aquatic plants. This is due to the presence of mucilage covering, resistant proteins and the absence of sap vacuoles. They  release large quantity of spores, which are dispersed by air.

The two kingdom system is divided into Plantae and Animalia solely on the basis of their gross morphology. On the other hand, the five-kingdom classification is based upon more specific characters like cell structure, body structure, nutrition, evolutionary relationships, etc.

Botanists use binomial nomenclature to solve this problem.A scientific name is given to the plant based on certain principles and criteria.The scientific name of a particular plant is same all over the world and is not given to any other plant.

The number and kinds of organisms are never constant at a place, as development and reproduction keep the number changing. This is influenced by season and availability of resources, e.g., number of mosquitoes is very large in warm and humid weather, whereas in extreme summer or winter, they can be seen rarely.

The organisation in a  living body produces a new functional entity, which has its own properties not found in its components. Hence, a cell organelle is the one having its own properties not found in its molecular constituents.

No, this is not growth, as increase in size of ball of snow is just because of the addition of similar material externally.
In living organisms, growth is due to increase in body material from inside.

A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1

Taxonomical Hierarchy
i) Man (Homo sapiens)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primata
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Homo
Species: sapiens
ii) Mango (Mangifera indica)
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Sapindales
Family: Anacardiaceae
Genus: Mangifera
Species: indica