(i) Insulin is a proteinaceous hormone.
(ii) TSH is secreted from the thyroid glands.
(iii) Adrenaline is an emergency hormone.
(iv) The pineal gland is located on the dorsal side of the forebrain.

Hypothyroidism is low secretion of thyroxine hormone. Hyperthyroidism is oversecretion of thyroid hormones. It occurs due to low or hyper activity of the thyroid gland.

(i) Body surface
(ii) Lungs
(iii) Skin, buccopharyngeallining and lungs
(iv) Tracheae.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration. This includes ERV + RV.
ERV = 1000 to 1100 ml
RV = 1100 to 1200 ml
So, FRC = 2100 to 2300 ml

If a person receives a blow on the back, it results in an impairment of cognitive abilities or physical functioning. It can also result in the disturbance of behavioural or emotional functioning. Cervical injuries often result in quadriplegia (tetraplegia)

The brain might be compared to a computer as its memory banks. The spinal cord to the conducting cable for the computer's input and output and the nerves to a circuit supplying input information to the cable and transmitting the output to muscles and organs. The most important of these components is the Central Processing Unit (CPU) or microprocessor, which acts as the 'brain' of your computer.

\(\underset { (500\quad mL) }{ Tidal\quad volume } \rightarrow \underset { (1100-1200mL) }{ ResidualVolume } \rightarrow \underset { (1500-1600mL) }{ ExpiratoryCapacity } \rightarrow \underset { (2500-3000mL) }{ IRV } \)

The stomach has three major parts as follows
(i) A cardiac portion into Which the esophagus opens.
(ii) A fundic portion which is a middle region.
(iii) A pyloric portion which opens into the first part of small intestine.

Winter varieties require an exposure to very cold temperature, a phenomenon, known as vernalisation; in the absence of this, plants do not flower to produce grains. So, they are sown in autumn; they germinate and remain as seedlings during winter.
They resume growth in spring and reproduce by the end of the season; they are harvested in the mid-summer.

Substrate level phosphorylation is a type of metabolism that results in the formation and creation of Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP) or Guanosine Triphosphate (GTP) by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphoryl (PO₃) group to Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) or Guanosine Diphosphate (GDP) to form a phosphorylated reactive intermediate.

Cyanobacteria and some other photosynthetic bacteria have photosynthetic lamellae (membranes) suspended freely in the cytoplasm.These carry bacteriochlorophyll to conduct photosynthesis.

Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between roots of higher plants, i.e., conifers and fungi. Fungi being heterotrophic in their mode of nutrition depend upon higher plants for food requirements, whereas in turn provide water and mineral nutrients to the algae.

If a leaf of potato plant is illuminated in the presence of radioactive ¹⁴C₂ , it forms radioactive products of photosynthesis. These products with radioactivity are then transported to the stem and can be easily detected by autoradiography which proves that these substances are translocated through phloem and particularly through the sieve tubes.

The number of chromosomes during metaphase will be 32. Also the DNA content during anaphase will be same as in the parent cell.

There are four substituent groups occupying the four valency positions in an amino acid. These are hydrogen, carboxyl group, amino group and a variable group designated a R group. The R group in amino acid glycine is a hydrogen and a methyl group in case of amino acid alanine, etc.

The body of a multicellular organism has cell as a basic structural unit. The cells are organised to form tissues such as blood, bone, etc. The tissue are organised to form organs such as heart, kidney, etc. The organs are then organised to form organ systems such as digestive system, reproductive system respiratory system, etc. The various organ system of organism gets arranged to form a complete individual.

(a). Histones are the basic proteins found in the chromatin of eukaryotes.
(b). They help in packaging the long DNA molecules into nucleosomes on the chromosomes.

Blood, Bone and cartilage are called connective tissue because
(i) they connect different tissues and organs
(ii) provide support to other structures of the animal body

This is an anatomical abnormality.It occurs due to embedding of bases of stem branches in the tree trunk due to continuous secondary growth in the latter as well as secondary growth  of bases of the branches.

Dicot leaves have parallel venation e.g. Corymbium,Calophyllum,Eryngium Monocot leaves have reticulate venation e.g Smilax,Colocasia,Dioscorea.

Pearl of ocean : Diatoms have a shinning silicified two valved covering or frustule. Because of their distinctive cell walls these are sometimes called the pearls of ocean.
Diatomaceous earth : It is pile of siliceous skeletons of diatoms which accumulates at the bottom of sea or oceans, being resistant to decay.

A - 4, B - 3, C - 2, D - 1

In insectivorous plant e.g., Nepenthes, the leaf lamina gets modified in the form of pitcher and anterior part of petiole coils like tendril which keeps the pitcher in a vertical direction. Posterior part of the petiole remains flattened like a leaf. The apex of lamina forms a lid. Pitcher contains digestive enzyme which the trapped insects .
All these modifications and adaptation are developed to make up the nitrogen deficiency in the plant because these plants are found in N2 deficient soil, (marshy/swamp soils)