Following are the ways in which the seeds are dispersed:
(i) Some light seeds like that of madar, which are hairy, dry and small are carried away by the wind to different places.
(ii) Spiny seeds and fruits like that of xanthium and urena, stick to the clothes of passers by and animals. These seeds are carried away by these agents to different places.
(iii) In some plants having heavy seeds like that of coconut, water acts as the dispersing agents.
(iv) Some seeds are dispersed with the fruit burst like in case of balsam and castor.

As soon as the pollen grain falls on the stigma, it starts germinating and forms a pollen tube. This pollen tube passes through style and reaches the ovary. The pollen tube contains male gamete which are released and one of them fuse with the egg to form zygote.

Seeds and fruits are dispersed by any of the following means :
1.Wind
2.Water
3.Animals
4. Bursting of fruit with jerk.
5. Seed dispersed by wind are light having wings or tuft of hair. e.g., maple, calotropis.
6. Seeds dispersed by water have fibrous covering which allows them to float in the water, e.g., coconut.
7. Seeds dispersed by animals have hook, with the help of these hooks they get attached to the hair of animals and get dispersed. e.g. xanthium.
8.Fruits of Balsam and Castor when dry burst with jerk and help in dispersal of seeds.

Sugarcane and rose are propagated by stem cutting that is a method of vegetative propagation, in which stem is capable of growing into a mature independent plants that are identical to their parents.
Potato is an underground modified stem having bud called eyes, which sprout and develop into a new identical plant.
Thus, the plants which cannot produce seeds can be propagated vegetatively with the help of vegetative parts such as stem, roots, buds and leaves.

After pollination, the pollen grains fall on the surface of stigma and germinate to form a long tube, reaching the ovules inside the ovary, the egg or female gamete is present in the ovule.
The outer surface of pollen grains rupture and male gametes are released to fuse with egg.

(a) Unisexual flowers are papaya, cucumber, corn.
(b) Bisexual flowers are rose, mustard, lady's finger, Petunia, pea.
(c) Unisexual flowers are also called as incomplete flower while bisexual flowers are called hermaphrodite or complete flowers.

Different methods of asexual reproduction are:
(i) Fragmentation Parent body divides into distinct pieces or fragments, each of which grows into new individuals, e.g. Spirogyra (an alga).
(ii) Budding A small part of parent body grows out as a bud, which detaches and becomes a new individual. Sometimes, a chain of buds is also formed, e.g. yeast, corals, sponges, etc.
(iii) Spore formation Parent plant develops and releases thousands of tiny, spherical and unicellular asexual spores, which are protected by a cell wall. When these spores find favourable environment, they grow into identical new plants, e.q. mosses, ferns, bread moulds, etc.
(iv) Vegetative propagation Many plants like cacti, potato, rose, sugarcane, etc., reproduce by this method. New plants are produced from vegetative parts of mother plant such as roots, stem, buds and leaves.

Bryophylum can reproduce by its leaves.

A spore-producing plant is bread mould.

Mature ovary forms the fruit.

The process of fusion of the male and the female gametes is called fertilisation.

The reproductive part of a plant is the flower.

Agent of pollination:
(i) Wind
(ii) Water
(iii) Animal i.e., insect, bird etc.

The method of seed dispersal in the fruits and the parts which help in the seed dispersal:

When the reproduction in an organism includes two types of gametes, i.e male and female from two different parents, it is called sexual reproduction, The sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of male and female gametes by the process called fertilisation to form zygote.

Sexual reproduction (fertilisation) in plants The different steps that take place during sexual reproduction in plants are
(i) The pollens are deposited on stigma and begin to germinate.
(ii) Pollen tube containing male gametes reaches to the ovary of flower.
(iii) The tip of the pollen tubes gets dissolved and male gametes comes out of the pollen tube.
(iv) Inside the ovary male gametes fuse with the female gamete or egg present in the ovule.
(v) The fusion of both the gametes will result into a fertilised egg cell which is also called as zygote.

The various parts of a flower whose functions are mentioned above are labelled as follows: