In plants growing in temperate regions, with pronounced seasons, the secondary xylem elements formed during spring, i.e. early wood or springwood is different from that formed during winter, i.e. latewood or autumn wood.
(a) Write any two characteristics in which the springwood and autumn wood differ from each other.
(b) What is sap wood? What is its function?

The growth of roots and stems of plants in length accomplished by the apical meristems, is called primary growth. The dicotyledonous plants show secondary growth, i.e. an increase in the girth of stem and root with the help of lateral meristems.
(a) Name the lateral meristems involved in secondary growth of dicot stems.
(b) Why is more secondary xylem than secondary phloem formed during secondary growth?
(c) What are secondary medullary rays?

The ground plan of a transverse section of a monocot stem is shown above.
(a) Name the cell type, the hypodermis of monocot stem is made of.
(b) Write any four characteristics of the vascular bundles in a monocot stem.

The anatomy of monocot roots is similar to the dicot roots in many aspects. It has the same tissues like epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles, pith, etc. Yet, it differs from dicot roots. Write any three features in which the mono cot roots differ from that of dicot roots.

Identify the three types of vascular bundles, A, B and C shown above. Give one example for each type.

Xylem is the conducting tissue of water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves. Tracheids and vessels are the major conducting elements of xylem, whose diagrams are given below.

(a) Identify the vessel and the tracheid in the figure.
(b) Write two differences between tracheids and vessels.

The diagrammatic representation of stomatal apparatus of a dicot plant is shown below. Answer the questions that follow:

(a) Identify the parts labelled A, B, C and D
(b) How does C differ from B?

Tissues vary depending on their location in the plant body. Their structure and functions also depend on their location in the plant body. On the basis of their structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems.
Name the three types of tissue systems in a plant body. Give one example for each.

The meristems which occur at the tips of roots and shoots, are called apical meristems. They produce primary tissues of the plant body. The shoot apical meristem occupies the distal most region of the stem axis.
(a) How is it protected?
(b) How are axillary buds formed?
(c) What is intercalary meristem?