Louis XVI

Creches in factories

General Government

Tropic of Cancer

Mahendragiri

Highlands of Chattisgarh  

Dictatorship

1980

Nelson Mandela

Raiganj

Tourism

Dutch in Java

Gujjar Bakarwals

Deprived the workers of their livelihood

curved bat was replaced by a straight one 

Sarojini Naidu

Mawsynram

Manas

age composition

47

President  

Amnesty international

All of the above

Food Corporation of India

Rousseau

Kolkhoz

Ganga

The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist because
(i) The blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could work in white areas only if they had a permit.
(ii) Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries, cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets, churches, ere were all separate for the whites and blacks.
(iii) Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment.
Thus, the apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks.

citizens who had the right to vote were called active citizens

(i) The factors responsible for Bolshevik success in the Civil War were (i) Bolshevik order of land redistribution. The harsh steps taken by supporters of private property among 'the whites', against peasants, who had seized land, led to loss of popular support for non-Bolsheviks.
(ii) Cooperation with non-Russian nationalists and Muslim Jadidists.

Fascism was first propagated by Benito Mussolini of Italy. Under the Fascist system, power of the state is vested in one person or a group of persons . The two fascist powers were Germany and Italy.

\(37^{ \circ }6'N\)

Meghalaya

National River Conservation Wan (NRCP)
(i) The activities of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) phase-I were started in 1985.
(ii) They were declared closed on 31st March 2000.
(iii) The Steering Committee of the National River Conservation Authority reviewed the progress of GAP and necessary correction were made on the basis of lessons learnt and experiences gained from GAP Phase-I. 1
(iv) They are being applied to other major polluted rivers of the country under the NRCP.
(v) The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-II, has been merged with the NRCP. ,
(vi) The expanded NRCP now covers 152 towns located along 27 interstate rivers in 16 states.
(vii) Under this action plan-pollution abatement works are being taken up in 57 towns.
(viii) A total of 215 schemes of pollution abatement have been san~tioned. So far, 69 schemes have been completed under this action plan.
(ix) A million litres of sewage is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and , treated.

(i) The cartoon shows the interference and pressure of the US forces on the people of Iraq to vote for the government installed by them.
(ii) The military rule in Pakistan under General Musharraf and the present rule on Myanmar are other such examples.

(i) Banning trade union is not characteristic features of democracy.
(ii) If trade union is banned then workers will have no legal rights to oppose factory or industrial owners and will make them defenseless and at the mercy of owners.
(iii) In a democratic country everybody is equal and have freedom of expression and to form association to raise their issues.

United States of America

An entrepreneur is also a factor of production in the production. In fact, he or she is the most important factor of production due to the following characteristics:
1.Risk taker: Entrepreneur takes the risk by undertaking the production process and setting up the facility for the business to go on a continuous basis.
2. Resource Mobilisation: He or she mobilizes resources required for carrying out the business.
3. Idea Generation: Ideas are generated to carry out the production in the most efficient way to reap the benefit of the low cost and high return.
4. The organization of resources: Entrepreneur is key to organizing physical and human resources in such a way that the production process provides the highest productivity.

Women are paid low as compared to men.
1. The major reason for this is that women have meagre education and low skill formation.
2. Also,in unorganised sector there is a general bias towards women workers who are not highly educated and skilled.
3. Physical and emotional weakness, non-suitability for harzardous work and social restrictions also ass up to the reason that women are employed in low paid work.

Since 1980s governments' policies in Asia and Africa have undergone a sea change.
(i) Instead of scientific forestry6 and the policy of keeping forest communities away from forests, conservation of forest, and not collection of wood, has become the most important goal.
(ii) To meet its goal government had realised it must involve people who live near the forest.
(iii) Governments instead of being in a conflict situation or ousting the local people and their participation in policies and actions are an essential ingredient for success in conservation and development of forests.
(iv) In fact in India, dense forests have survived due to local efforts. Villages protected them as sacred groves known as kan, rai and sarnas.
(v) Some villagers patrolled their own forests with each household taking turns instead of leaving it to forests guards.
(vi) Local forest communities and environmentalists today are thinking of different forms of forest management.

(i) Before the colonial rule the African pastoralists could move over vast areal' in search of pastures. With the colonial rule the African pastoral groups were forced to live in special reserves.
(ii) The boundaries of these reserves became the limits within which they could move now. They were not allowed to move their stock without special permits, without trouble and harassment. These permits were not easy to get. Those who defied rules were severely punished.
(iii) Pastoralists were not allowed to enter the markets in white areas. Certain areas were out of their trading ambit.
(iv) Pastoralists were viewed by Europeans as being savage and dangerous people with whom all contact had to be minimised. But this was not possible. In fact, colonists depended on black labour to bore mines, build roads and towns.
(v) The new territorial boundaries consequent to the slicing of Africa among the European colonists and restrictions imposed on them adversely affected both their pastoral and trading activities. Earlier the Pastoralists not only looked after animal herds but traded in various products. The restrictions did not entirely stop their trading activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.

With 'Enclosure' the poor farmers lost his customary rights to graze his cattle, etc.

(i) The world's first cricket was founded in Hambledon in the 1760s
(ii) The other was Marylebone Cricket Club. It was founded in 1787. This club soon became the guardian of cricket's regulations.

The parsis were the first Indian community to adapt western-style of clothing.
Reasons:
(a) They came in close contact with Britishers due to trade links.
(b) They viewed western clothes as a sign of modernity and progress. 

(i) In the month of October-November day temperatures are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The land is still moist.
(ii) Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive during the day.
(iii) This condition is commonly termed as 'October heat'.
(iv) In northern India, in the second half of the October, the mercury begins to fall rapidly.

Ebony,mahogany,rosewood,rubber and cinchona

1. The Census of India 2001 is historic and epoch-making, being the first census of the 21st century and third millennium.
2. It reveals benchmark data on the state of abundant human resources available in the country, their demography, culture and economic structure.
3. The census moment the referral time at which the snapshot of the population taken, was 00.00 hrs on the 1 March,4. Untill the 1991 census the sunrise of 1 March was taken as the Census moment.
(i) age of marriage
(ii) disabilities
(iii) languages known
(iv) distance travelled to work
(v) mode of travel
(vi) migration after birth
(vii) level of education and
(viii) type of institution attended

The Parliament  of India under the constitution is the supreme institution of the people.

Every citizen has different views that ensure a parallel development of oneself and the country. the happiness of citien creates success of democracy.

Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth and massive investments in human resource development.

The following factors have led to the decline in PDS:
(a) The per Capita consumption of PDS wheat has doubled since 2004-05 in both rural and urban India. PDS dealers are sometimes found resorting to mal practices like diverting the grains to open market to get better margin, selling poor quality grains at ration shops, the irregular opening of the shops, etc.
(b) It is common to find that ration shops regularly have unsold stocks of poor quality grains left. This has proved to be a big problem.
(c) When ration shops are unable to sell, a massive stock of food grains piles up with the FCI.
(d) In recent years, there is another factor that has led to the decline of the PDS. Earlier every family, poor and non-poor had a ration card with a fixed quota of items such as rice, wheat, sugar etc.
But now the government has withdrawn the facility of ration from the persons who are income tax payee.
(e) Due to the low percentage of profit margin, many ration shop owners have closed their businesses.
(f) Due to the poor quality of foodgrains and other products available at Fair Price Shops, many people have stopped purchasing their ration from them. They rather prefer purchasing from the open market and does not hesitate in paying more.