Louis XVI

metal workers

UK, France, USSR, USA

\(97^{ \circ }25'E\)

Due to perpetual snowfall/covered

  water divide

Pakistan

Dictators like Pinochet are elected by the people

African National Congress

Work of a teacher in the school

Birth Rate

15,000 trees - 2000 sleepers

The Criminal Act

poor lost their customary rights

curved bat was replaced by a straight one 

Indian dhoti and Kurta

Pre-monsoon rainfall in Karnataka and Kerala

species of plants

adolescent

Election Commission

The Prime Minister

Right to Constitutional Remedies

22%

cycles of foodgrain harvesting

Rousseau

Kolkhoz

Ganga

Distinction between Central Highlands and deccan Plateau

- It is a government chosen by people and they have the opportunity to change it, if it does not work for them.
- Democratic government is a more accountable form of government.
- It improve the quality of decision-making
- It provides a better method to deal with differences and conflicts.
- It enhances the dignity of citizens.
- Democratic government allows us to correct its own mistakes

The Right to Constitutional Remedy is the 'heart and soul' of the Indian Constitution was said by Dr Br Ambedkar because,
(i) When any of our rights are violated, we can seek a remedy through courts. If it is a Fundamental Right, we can directly approach the Supreme Court or the High Court of the state.
(ii) If any act of Legislature or Executive takes away or limits
any of the Fundamental Rights, it will be invalid. We can challenge such laws of the Central or the State Government in the court of law.
(iii)The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to issue directions, orders or
writs for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights.
(iv)Right to Constitutional Remedies makes other rights effective. This right is the guardian of other rights.
Thus, it can be concluded that the Right to Constitutional Remedy is the 'heart and soul' of Indian Constitution.

John Locke wrote the book " Two Treatises of Government"
1.Jean Jacques Rousseau: " The Social Contract".
2. Montesquieu: "The spirit of the Laws".

Peasants of Russia were different from other European peasants because they posted their land periodically and the commune divided it according to the needs of individual families.

(i) Women in Nazi society.had the role of maintaining purity of race, look after the home and teach children Nazi values.
(ii) They were to be bearers of the' Aryan culture and race:
(iii) All women were not treated equally. Those who deviated were publicly condemned and punished.
(iv) Those who bore racially 'desirable' children, were favored in hospitals and were also entitled to concessions in shops, in theatre tickets and railway fares.
(v) Women's role was limited to the reproductive role. To encourage women to produce more children as incentive Honour Crosses were awarded. A bronze cross was given for four children, silver for six, and gold for, eight or more.
(vi) There was a code of conduct for women. They were not allowed 'to mix with Jews. Those who maintained contacts with- Jews, Poles, and Russians were paraded through town with shaved heads and blackened faces. Many received jail sentences and lost civic honor as well as their husbands and families.
Women formed the deprived and unprivileged section of society both during the French Revolution of the 18th century and also during the 20^th century Nazi society of Germany. They had no political rights. Women of lower classes were employed in small jobs. Their wages were lower than those of men. They had no access to education and the freedom to choose their partners. Their role was limited to house, family and bearing children. There was no equality of gender.
Unlike in Germany, French women played a very proactive role in the French Revolution which brought about many changes in French society. To voice their interests women had their own political clubs and newspapers. The main demands of French women were the right to vote, political representation and equality of gender. Unlike France, Nazi women had no freedom of speech, expression, and association. Equal rights for men and women were regarded as detrimental to society. Woman's role was limited to reproductive role and the home. They were bearers of Aryan culture and race. Thus while women's role in France was progressive and proactive, women's role in Nazi Germany was retrogressive and that of passive onlookers.

India remained busy in the exchange of ideas and commodities since time immemorial
India's contacts with West Asia, East Asia, Central and South Asia are noteworthy
(i) Buddhism traveled from India to Tibet, China and as far as Japan and Korean Peninsula. The various passes across the mountains in the north have provided passage to ancient travelers.
(ii) Upanishads, the Ramy n, the Indian numeral and the decimal system reached many parts of the world as a result of these contacts.
(iii) India has trade relation with many countries. One of the famous land routes was connected to the famous silk route of China.
(iv) India has trade relations with South-East Asian Countries like Java, Cambodia, Sumatra, Bali, Sri Lanka, Burma and Siam
(v) The spices, Muslim and other merchandise were taken from India is different countries.

Bhabar.A narrow belt of pebbles on the foot of Shiwalik mountains, 8 to 16km in width is known as Bhabar.

(i) Narmada and Tapi
(ii) Similarity: These rivers flow through rift valley
(iii) The tributaries of these rivers are small in size.
(iv) Difference: Tapi is the second largest river of the Peninsular India and Narmada is the fifth largest river.

(i) People could not choose or change  their rulers.
(ii) people did not enjoy the freedom to express their opinion, form political association and organize protests and political action.
(iii) People did not have the right to form independent trade unions and to strike.
(iv) people could not criticize the ruling party.

1980

(i) The major events were as follows:
(ii) The non-whites were severely discriminated and forbidden to use all public places like hotels, trains, buses, taxis swimming pools etc.
(iii) Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. 
(iv) The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella organisation that led the struggle against the policies of segregation.
(v) Ban on political parties and restrictions on the media were lifted.
(vi) After 28 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela was released from Jail in 1994.
(vii) At last, on 26 April 1994, the new national flag of the Republication South Africa was unfurled. This led to the birth of democracy in South Africa.

1. This statement is correct as investment in human capital creates employable and capable human resources who can work for the growth of businesses in the country.
2. It also helps in export of human capital to other countries from where foreign exchange can be earned for meeting the demand of the domestic imports
3. Also, better education and health facilities help in creating disciplined and capable human resources who become the asset for the country rather than a liability.

1. The basic aim of a firm is to maximise profit.Any firm would not be induced to employ people who might not work efficiently as a healthy worker because of ill health.The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness.
2. An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation indeed; health is an indispensable basis for realising one's wellbeing.It affects the working environment as the person is not able to work to his or her full potential.

In scientific Forestry
(i) Natural forests which had different types of trees were cut down and new ones belonging to one tree type were planted in rows. This is called as plantation.
(ii) Forest officials surveyed the forests. They estimated the area under different types of trees and made working plans for the forest management. They planned how much of the plantation area was to be cut every year.
(iii) The cleared area was replanted to enable recutting after some years.

(i) Starvation of cattle: When rains fail, pasture dry up. Cattle are likely to starve unless they are moved to new areas where forage is available.
(ii) Limited grazing areas: Restrictions of movement bound pastoralists to a fixed area. They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to live within semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts.
(iii) Cattle death: Pastoralists could not shift their cattle to places where pastures were available. Shortage of fodder led to death of large number of Maasai cattle because of starvation and disease in years of drought. In 1933 and 1934, two years of severe drought over half the cattle in Maasai Reserve died.

The early enclosures were not supported by the state but by mid-18th century a number of enclosure acts, which culminated in the General Enclosure Act of 1801, was passed legalising enclosures.

(i) The year 1970 and 1971 were notable for the world cricket.because.
(ii) In this year South Africa which practised a policy of racial segregation was excluded from international cricket.
(iii) In this year the first One-Day International was played between Australia and Britain at Melbourne.

(i) From childhood they grew up to belive that having a small waist was a womanly duty.
(ii) Suffering pain was essential to being a woman
(iii) To be seen as attractive, to be womanly, they had to wear the corset.
(iv) The torture and pain the corset inflicted on the body was to be accepted as normal.

(i) The peninsular region does not a have well defined winter season.
(ii) During winter season, there is very nominal seaonal cahnge in temperature pattern due to the moderating influence of the sea.

Sunderbans of the Ganga delta

China is the most populated country, in terms of population size.

(i) Over the last fifty years, the turnout in  Europe and North America has declined.
(ii) In India the turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.
(iii) In India the poor, illiterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion as compared to the rich and privileged sections. They also vote more as compared to poor people of USA.
(iv) Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections.
(v) The interest of voters in election-related activities has been increasing over the years.

The Amul butter hoardings show:
(i) The widespread protests and counter-protests over the reservation issue.
(ii)  It also shows the decision of the Supreme Court asking the government to modify its original order. It said that well-to-do persons (creamy layer) among the backward classes should be excluded from getting the benefits of reservation.

Under the right to freedom, the indian constitution guarantees six freedoms.
These are:
(i) Freedom of speech and expression
(ii) Freedom to assemble peacefully without arms.
(iii) Freedom to form associations and unions
(iv)  Freedom to move freely throughout the country
(v)  Freedom to reside in any part of the country.
(vi)  Freedom to practice any profession, or to carry oon any occupation, trade or business.

Himachal Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala have the lowest poverty ratio.

The following are the problems of the functioning of ration shops
(a) PDS dealers sometimes divert the grains to the open market to get better margin of profit.
(b) The storage cost of massive food stocks is responsible for elevation of costs.
(c) Sometimes stored grains are rotten away and also being eaten by rats. So, therefore people hesitate in buying substandard grain
(d) The ration shops regularly have unsold stocks of poor quality of grains.
(e) PDS dealers are generally selling poor quality grains at ration shops; irregular opening of the shops.