(i) The radiation of the Sun gives us heat which do not require any medium.
(ii) White colour absorbs less heat coming from Sun and more it reflects. The temperature of any object increases due to absorbed part of the heat, in case of white colour it is least.
(iii) Her mother preferred cotton clothes as they are light and porous through which air can pass easily and make our body cool, as the climate of Mumbai is temperate.

The air near the heat source gets hot and rises. The cold air from sides takes its place. In this way, air gets heated. This gives interesting phenomenon in coastal regions.
(i) During the day, land gets heated faster than water. The air over the land becomes hotter and rises up. The cooler air from sea rushes in towards the land to take its place. The warm air from land moves towards sea to complete the cycle. The air from sea is cool and is called sea breeze.
(ii) At night, it is exactly the reverse. The water cools down more slowly than land. So, the cool air from land moves towards sea. This is called land breeze.

As in the given figures A and B, in case A P and Q got equal heat. so pin fix at P and Q in case of a fall simultaneously. But in case of B pin at point P falls first than after pin at Q will fall as because heat received at P is greater than Q at the same time.

(a) As in the given diagram, position P will feel warmer because of heat, air rises.
(b) The flow of heat to P is a convection process and flow of heat to T is radiation.

(i) Heat is being transferred in the steel vessel by conduction.
(ii) Heat is being transferred from vessel to water by convection.
(iii) Heat is being transferred from vessel to surroundings by radiation.

In first case, eyes of student are in level of the thermometer, so it is correct way to measure temperature using clinical thermometer

As copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel. So, stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottom.

The pin on the wire in case A will fall first as heat will reach to it before it reaches the pin in case B.

In Celsius scale, the temperature at which pure water freezes at sea level is taken as the lower fixed point whereas, the temperature at which pure water boils at sea level is taken as the upper fixed point. The lower and upper fixed points are marked as 0⁰C and 100°Crespectively. The scale between these points is then divided into 100 parts.

Gunny bags have a number of fine pores filled with air. Air being a bad conductor of heat does not allow heat from outside to go to the ice and melt it.

It is advised not to hold the thermometer bulb while reading it as the level of mercury increases from the actual reading by our body temperature.

Thermometer B will show a greater rise in temperature because heated-air above the candle risesimmediatly and increase the temperature of bulb of thermometer B quite greater than A.

Thermo flask is a special kind of flask for keeping liquids. It prevents loss or gain of heat by any of the three methods. It keeps liquid warm or cold for a long time. It was invented by Sir James Dewan in 1893.
It consists of a double-walled glass-cylinder. A vacuum is created in the space between the double walls. The two inner surfaces of glass walls are silvered. The flask is placed on a spring within a non-conducting cylindrical case to protect it from jerks and breakages. The gaps between flask and outer casing is packed with felt pads. The mouth of the flask is finally closed with a cork.

Since the container is made of glass which is a bad conductor of heat and therefore, the loss or gain of heat due to conduction is prevented. As there is vacuum between the double walls, it prevents transmission of heat by convection. Due to silvering of the inner surfaces, the heat loss by radiation is prevented. The cork and the felt pads also help to preserve the heat inside the flask. So, the hot liquids like tea, coffee, etc., remain hot and cold liquids like water, juice, etc., remain cold for a long time.

Since, it is a fact that the water present in the ocean (near the equator) is heated by the sun to a very higher temperature than the water near the poles of the earth. It is due to the falling of the sun rays perpendicularly in the equatorial region. So, in the equatorial region, the ocean water expands and becomes lighter.
While on the other side, the water in the polar region remains cold and heavy. It leads to the flow of convection currents of heat of warm water from the equator towards the poles.
Heat of the cold water flow from the poles towards the equator just below the surface of ocean. So, these types of currents are known as oceanic currents.

(a) The following precautionary measures while checking the fever through a clinical thermometer are
(i) While reading the clinical thermometer, it should never be held by the bulb.
(ii) The clinical thermometer should be washed properly (before and after use).
(b) The values showed by the elder brother of Pankaj, Vishwas, are concern towards the way of using the clinical thermometer and the importance of money as well.