Raw material and electricity are the two prime factors for the location of the aluminium smelting plant.

The advantage provided by agglomeration cities to industries is that of a market and services.

Software technology parks provide single window services and high data communication facility to software experts.

Petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals and Sulphuric acid is a heavy inorganic chemical.

Chotanagpur plateau.

Tannery, textile, industry, electroplating industry.

Three ways to reduce freshwater pollution can be
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes in various industries to reduce or eliminate pollutants through pollution prevention methods.
(ii) Creating man-made cooling ponds designed to cool heated effluent waters of industries by evaporation, condensation and radiation.
(iii) Filtration of the sewage in water treatment plants before dumping it into water bodies.

Sugarcane, the raw material used in sugar industry, is bulky and its sugar content reduces in haulage and time lag between reaping and sugar production. Therefore, the ideal location for sugar mills is in close proximity of sugarcane producing areas. The sugar industry is seasonal in nature and so is ideally suited to the cooperative sector. For the entire year the farmers are engaged in producing sugarcane as it is an annual crop. When the crop. When the crop is harvested, the farmers pool together their resources, set up mills within the sugarcane producing areas and produce sugar. The seasonal nature of the sugar industry is combated by setting up cooperatives where farmers share the profits and losses.

Production of good in the factories in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products, is called manufacturing industry. Manufacturing industry is considered as the backbone of economic development because of the following reasons.
(a) It helps in modernizing agriculture which is the backbone of our economy.
(b) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings the much needed foreign exchange.

(i) Heavy industries are those in which raw materials used and the finished products are heavy and spacious where as in light industries raw materials and finished products are light in weight.
(ii) Normally women labourers are not employed in heavy industries where as they are employed in light industries.
(iii) Iron and Steel Industry, Heavy Machines Industry and Cement Industry are heavy industries. Textile Industry, Telephone Industry, and Ceiling Fan Industry etc. are light industries.

(1) All the raw materials are heavy.
(2) All the finished products are also heavy.
(3) Raw materials as well as finished goods are bulky also.
(4) Iron - ore, coal, limestone are the major raw materials used in producing iron and steel and they are heavy.
(5) Transportation costs of raw materials and finished goods of iron and steel industry are heavy (costly).
(6) Efficient transport network is needed for its distribution. (any three).

(a) It is the largest industry in India. It gives employment to over 1.5 million people, which is about 20% of the industrial labour force in India.
(b) There are about 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the country, of this 79% are in the private sector, the rest in the public and co-operative sectors.
(c) This industry support many other industries like chemical and dyes, packing material and engineering works.

(i) The industries in India have given a boost to agriculture by raising its productivity. It supplies irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, machines and tools, and pipes to farmers, thus increases its efficiency.
(ii) Agriculture provides raw materials to agro based industries. It provides jute for jute industries, cotton for cotton textile industries, and sugar cane for sugar industries.

(i) The National Jute Policy was formulated with the objective of increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices to jute farmers, and enhancing the yield per hectare.
(ii) The internal market has been increasing due to the Government policy of compulsory use of jute packaging and to prevent the use of polymers or polythene bags.
(iii) The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

The following are the three major problems faced by the cotton textile industries in India:
(a) Erratic power supply.
(b) Old and obsolete machinery.
(c) Stiff competition from the synthetic fibre industry.
The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy.
(a) It contributes significantly to the industrial production as 14 per cent of the total production of industries, comes from textiles.
(b) It provides direct employment to about 35 million people.
(c) It contributes considerable foreign exchange to the GDP.

Integrated steel plants are different from mini steel plants in many aspects.
(a) An integrated steel plant is large and handles everything in one complex from integrating raw materials to steel making, rolling and shaping.
(b) On the other hand, a mini steel plant is smaller, has electric furnaces, uses steel scrap and sponge iron, and has re-rollers that use steel ingots as well. It produces mild and alloy steel of given specifications.
The problems faced by this industry are:
(a) high production costs and limited availability of coking coal
(b) lower productivity of labour
(c) irregular supply of energy.
(d) poor infrastructure. Recent developments that have led to a rise in the production capacity of this industry are liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment, with help from private entrepreneurs.

The favourable factors for the location of cotton textile industry in Maharashtra-Gujarat region in early years were as follows:
(a) Availability of raw cotton from the cotton growing belt of Deccan in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
(b) The port of Mumbai facilitating export of cotton goods and import of machineries and other inputs.
(c) Moist climate in the belt facilitated spinning.
(d) Market for the finished goods.
(e) Finance or capital from Parsi and Bhatia traders.
(f) Good transport network.
(g) Availability of cheap and skilled labour.
Decentralisation
(i) Huge market, development of transport network, banking facilities and availability of cheap electricity contributed to the decentralisation of cotton mills in the country.
(ii) Weaving is highly decentralised to provide scope for incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, zari, embroidery, etc., prevalent among local weavers in different parts of india.
Three major problems faced by cotton textile industries in India are:
(i) Erratic Power Supply.
(ii) Old and obsolete machinery.
(iii) Stiff competition with the synthetic fibre industry,
The textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy:
(a) It contributes significantly to industrial production, 14 per cent of the total production of industries comes from textiles.
(b) It provides employment to about 35 million people directly.
(c) It contributes about 24.6 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country.
(d) Textiles contribute 4 percent towards GDP.