(i) Amniocentasis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to determine sex and genetic disorder of an unborn foetus.
(ii) PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. This technique is used to amplify selected sequences of DNA so as to facilitate the genetic diagnosis of diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, muscular distrophyetc. PCR is also used in the detection of HIV, DNA finger-printing, it is also used to clone DNAm fragments extinct animals.
(iii) No Mohan's mother is not justified denying for the tests to be conducted. Amniocentasis and PCR test are primarily ment for finding out the genetic disorders in the developing foetus. They do not harm the developing baby. If the foetal genetic defects are confirmed by the tests the termination of such and pregnancy is not illegal.

(a) Refer Quick Review (Same value points to be awarded in an explanation) 
(b) Purpose : Used to ligate with a vector for further cloning. Detection of bacteria or virus by amplification of their DNNdetection of HIV in AIDS patient. Detection of mutation in genes in suspected cancer patients.

Chitinase It is an enzyme used to break the cell wall of fugi to release its cellular parts. Certain plants and fungus consist of a cell wall composed of chitin, which provides strength to the cell. Chitinase is used when there is a need to break this wall and allow entry of foreign DNA in plant cells.

Genetic engineering is a manipulation of genetic material in vitro. It involves the techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce the host organisms and thereby change the phenotype of the host organism.
Steps of rDNA technology are:
(i) Isolation of DNA.
(ii) Fragmentation of DNA by restriction endonucleases.
(iii) Isolation of the desired DNA fragments.
(iv) Amplification of the gene of interest.
(v) Ligation of the DNA fragment into the victor using DNA ligase.
(vi) Transfer of the recombinant DNA into the host.
(vii) Culturing the host cell on a suitable medium on a large scale.
(viii) Extraction of the desired product.
(ix) Downstream processing of the products as finished products.

(i) Single target site is present for particular restriction enzyme. If more than one site is present, then more cuts would fragment the plasmid.
(ii) 

(iii) (a) Now a days antibiotic resistance gene as markers are not used as they create more risk of plasmids to resistant gene to other bacteria.
It may spread the antibiotic resistance in many bacteria.
(b) Reporter genes are used now a days instead of antibiotic resistance genes. These genes have an ability to produce color in the presence of chromogenic substrate.

(i) It is the technique of growing cell, tissue, organ or whole plant under controlled conditions.
(ii) Micropropagation is the technique of producing a large number of identical plants from small explant within a short period using tissue culture technique.
(iii) His uncle, being a Botanist, guided his nephew to adopt modern biotechnology techniques so that he could earn handsome profits.

Small volume cultures cannot yield appreciable quantities of products. To produce these products in large quantities the development of 'bioreactors' was required where large volumes (100-1000 litres) of culture can be processed. Thus bioreactors can be thought of as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, using microbial, plant, animal or human cells or individual enzymes.
Role. A bioreactor provides the optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by providing optimum growth conditions (temperature, pH, substrate, salts, vitamins, oxygen). One of the most commonly used bioreactor is of stirring type. A stirred tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base to facilitate the mixing of the reactor contents. The stirrer facilitates even mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor. Alternatively air can be bubbled 1lhroughthe reactor. If you look at the figure closely you will see that the bioreactor has an agitator system; an oxygen delivery system, a foam control system, a temperature control system, pH control system, sampling ports so that small volumes of the culture can be withdrawn periodically.

1. Bioreactors can be considered as vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products using microbial, plant or human cells.
2. A bioreactor provides optimal conditions for achieving the desired product by I providing optimum growth conditions, pH, substrate salts, vitamins, oxygen, etc.
3. The commonly used bioreactors are of stirring type. A stirred-tank reactor is usually cylindrical or with a curved base to facilitate the mixing of the contents.
4. The stirrer facilitates the even-mixing and oxygen availability throughout the bioreactor.

Genetic engineering. It is a technique for artificially and deliberately modifying DNA (genes) to suit human needs. It is also called recombinant DNA technology or DNA splicing. It is a kind of biotechnology
Steps in genetic engineering:
1. Identification and isolation of agronomically important genes.
2. Cloning of isolate genes in a vector.
3. Introduction of gene into plant protoplast cell