The recombinant DNA technological processes have made immense impact in the area of healthcare by enabling mass production of safe and more effective therapeutic drugs. The recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses as in common case of similar products isolated from non-human sources. At present, about 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved for human use all over the world. Out of these, 12 are marketed in India.

Biopesticide- Definition:
Biopesticides are the pesticides whose origin is from the biological source rather than the chemically manufactured pesticides from the factories.
Advantages of biopesticides:
1. Biopesticides are specific for their target insects.
2. They do not cause pollution.
3. They do not affect the growth of plants.
Part 1: Bt toxin is the most popular bio pesticide. It is a crystal protein having insecticidal properties produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis.
Action of Bt toxin:
Bacillus thuringiensis in the spore stage, forms intercellular crystalline proteins that contain insecticidal proteins called the delta endotoxins (cry proteins).
1. The endotoxin that accumulates in bacteria is in an inactive form (protoxin).
2. It gets activated at an alkaline pH in the gut of the insects due to the solubilisation of the crystal proteins.
3. This active toxin generates pores in the epithelium of the midgut of the insects which results in the swelling of cells followed by lysis.
4. The insect is unable to feed and consequently starves to death.

(a) Plasmids are extra-chromosomal, self-replicating, usually circular double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria and in some yeast.
(b) ADA is adenosine deaminase deficiency, this enzyme is crucial for the immune system to function. The patient lacks functional T-Iymphocytes and fails to fight the infecting pathogens. Children with ADA deficiency are cured by bone marrow transplantation or enzyme replacement therapy, where ADA is given by injection. Byusing gene therapy techniques, lymphocytes are taken from the patient's bone marrow and the normal gene for ADA is introduced into the lymphocytes using retrovirus. These cells are re-introduced in the patient's immune system. As these cells are not immortal, the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes. Hence, it is not a permanent cure. If the functional gene is introduced into the bone marrow cells at early embryonic stage, it would be a permanent cure.

(i) Ramesh suffered from attitude sickness because he could'nt get sufficient oxygen due to low atmospheric pressure at a high attitude.
(ii) His friend advised him to take rest for some time because he thought that after a short rest period his body would get acclimatized to the atmospheric conditions prevailing at the high attitude
(iii) Values exhibited by Ramesh's friend-awareness and helpful nature.

(i)There is no origin of life on the earth taking place today because the earth atmosphere is not reducing but it is oxidising.
(ii) The .energy was provided by an electric discharge and by heating the water chamber and the products obtained in the experiment were amino acids.
(iii) Solar rediations with UV-rays & lightning (electrical discharges) and other high enet:gy rays etc. should have been the energy sources required for the origin of life on the earth.
(iv) The values exhibited by the biology teacher Deepak Gupta are:
(a) caring for his neighbours.
(b) desire to disseminate knowledge as a teacher and
(c) the sound knowledge of the subject.

According to Hardy Weinberg law equation - p + q = 1, \(\therefore\) (p+q)² = 1, \(\therefore\) p² + 2pq + p² = 1
Frequency of recessive trait q² = 9 = 0.09
\(\therefore \quad q=\sqrt { 0.09 } =0.3\)
\(\therefore\) p + q = 1 + q = 0.3
\(\therefore\) The value of p would be 1.0 - 0.3 = 0.7
\(\therefore\) Frequency of homozygous dominant individuals would be =
P \(\times\) P = 0.7 \(\times\) 0.7 = 0.79 or 49%
\(\therefore\)  Frequency of heterozygous dominat individulas would be =
2pq = 2 \(\times\) 0.7 \(\times\) 0.3 = 42 = 42%
Thus p² + 2pq + q² = 1
i.e.. 49 + .42 + .09 =1 

Many states of India have banned the sale, manufacture, distribution and storage of gutka and all its variants. Gutka is banned under the provision to ban any food product containing harmful adulterants in the centrally enacted Food Safety and Regulation Act. This ban is enforced by the state public Health Ministry, the State Food and Drug Administration and the local police Gutka should be banned because chewing of gutka may cause a number of diseases. It may cause throat and lung cancer, discolours teeth and damages the digestive and nervous system.

(a) The HIV replicates in the host by a process of reverse transcription, In this process the viral RNA replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the enzyme reverse transcriptase. This viral DNA then gets incorporated into the host cell DNA which directs the infected cell to produce virus particles.
(b) The HIV infected patients loose immunity because of loss of T-lymphocytes. The HIV enter into helper T-lyphocytes & produce progeny viruses which are released into the blood & attack other helpe T-Iymphocytes. This leads to the progressive decrease in number of T-lymphocytes which results in the loss of immunity as a result of which the patient in unable to protect himself from any type of infection.
(c) The common symptoms of HIV patients are fever, diarhoea, susceptability to other diseases and infections.

(i) Mohan must have observed one or more of the following symptoms:
Drop in academic performance, unexplained absence from college, Lack of interest in personal hygiene, isolation and family, loss of interest in hobbies, change in eating and sleeping habits, fluctuations in appetite and weight.
(ii) Causes/reasons for drug abuse;
(a) Curiosity.
(b)Need for adventure.
(c) Excitement.
(d)experimentation.
(e)To escape from stress.
(f)UnSupportive family structure.
(iii)(a)Mohan must inform Raghu's parents to take appropriate measures.
(b) Talk to Raghu to find out the cause behind taking drugs.
(c)He must be taken to a psychologist/Psychiatrist to get rid of drugs.
(iv)Mohan's empathy, his concern for his friend and helping nature.

(i)Intake of drugs for a non-medicinal pur[ose (such as to increase the strength and performance) impairs mental and physical functions. This is called drug abuse.
(ii)Some commonly abused drugs and their source are:
(a) Opium from plant papaver somniferum; its derivatives include morphine, cocaine, heroin, smack, i.e.brown sugar, etc
(b) cocaine from Erythroxylum coca. It is also called crack or coke. A cocaine derivative includes caffeine from Thea sinensis, coffea arabica, Theobroma cacao.
(c) LSD from funus Claviceps purpurea.
(iii) A parent should be compassionate and more caring toward the child and behave normally.
(iv)The principal showed his social liability and responsibility.

(i)Philosophi Zoologique in 1809
(ii)(a)New needs in respect to change enviroment
(b)Acquistion of characters
(c)Inheritance of acquired characters
(iii)other theories are
(a)Darwin's theory of natural selection
(b)de vries mutation theory
(c)Modern synthetic theory of evoluation
(iv)The teacher was patient knowledgeable and understanding.

(i) It is defined as the fertile surface of the earth  capable of supporting plant growth.
(ii) Mineral matter organic matter, porosity, and living organisms present in the soil affect its fertility.
(iii) Ram was curious to know about things and also wanted to find out reasons.

(i) Antibiotics are the chemicals produced by bacteria which hinder growth of other microbes.
(ii) Indiscriminate and overuse of antibiotics are possible reasons for development of resistance in bacteria to antibiotics.
(iii) DNA fingerprinting is used to identify the antibiotic for which bacterium is resistant. This technique helps in selection of the right antibiotic for treatment.

Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse
1.The immediate effects of drugs/alcohol abuse are manifested as reckless behaviour, vandalism and violence.
2.Excess doses can lead to coma and death due to cerebral haemorrhage, respiratory and heart failure.
3.A combination of drugs or their intake with alcohol leads to death.
4.The most common warning signals of drugs/alcohol abuse include:
(i)Drop in academic performance.
(ii)Lack of interest in personal hygiene.
(iii)Withdrawal and isolation from family and friends.
(iv)Aggressive and rebellious behaviour.
(v)Lack of interest in hobbies.
(vi)Change in sleeping and eating habits.
(vii)Fluctuations in weight, etc.

Alexander I. Oparin (1894-1980), a Russian biochemist and J.B.S. Haldane (1892-1964), a British scientist have put forward the concept of biogenesis. According to Oparin and Haldane primeval earth had reducing condition and atmosphere is free from oxygen. Oxygen remained bound in HO and metallic oxides on the surface of rocks and its particles. The early gas cloud was rich in hydrogen, in form of methane (CH₄) and ammonia (NH₃) and water (H₂O). The organic nolucles formed due to atmospheric reaction accumulated slowly and gradually in sea and constitute what is called "Hot, dilute soup".
Significance of hot dilute soup. Thus conditions of reducing nature are unable to oxidize these organic compounds which form the basis of life.

a) Taq polymerase enzyme is obtained from the bacterium Thermophilous aquaticus. This enzyme is active at high temperature. It is used to denature DNA at temperature of about 94°C during DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
(b) ADA = Adenosine deaminase The deficiency of this enzyme results in production of functional lymphocytes. It cause SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.)
(c) Gene Therapy. 1. It involves the delivery of a normal gene into individual or embryo to replace the defective mutant alleles.
2. The first gene therapy was given in 1990to a four year old girl with deficiencyofADA.
3. It is cured by bone marrow transplantation in some children but it is not completely curable.
4. In this case a functional ADA, cDNA (using a retroviral vector) is introduced into lymphocytes, such lymphocytes are introduced back into blood of patient.
5. The patient requires infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes.
6. If a functional gene is introduced into bone marrow at early stages of embryonic development, it would be a permanent cure.

(a) Single Cell Proteins (SCP). Cells from different kind of organisms such as bacteria, filamentous fungi, east and algae are treated in different ways so that they are used as food or feed, are called single cell protein. The biomass is obtained from both mono and multicellular micro-organisms. The common substrate used for preparing such food containing SCP range from air, whey, saw dust and paddy straw. SCA provide valuable protein rich supplement inhuman diet.
(b) Biopatent. A patent is a right granted by a Government to an inventor to prevent others to makecommercial use of such an invention. At present patents are granted for biological entities and thevarious products obtained from these organisms, termed as biopatent. Biopatents are being granted forfollowing:
(1) Strains of microorganisms
(2) Cell lines
(3) Genetically modified strains of living organisms
(4) DNA sequences
(5) The proteins prepared by DNA sequences
(6) Biotechnological process
(7) Production process
(8) Products
(9) Product application.
(c) Bioethics.Bioethics are a set of standards that may be used to regulate our activities in relation to biological works. The major bioethical concerns are as follows:
(i) Introduction of transgenes from one species to another violates the integrity of species.
(ii) Transfer of human genes to other animals and vice-versa is against ethics. 
(iii) Making of clone.
(iv) May cause risk to biodiversity.
(v) Suffering to animals used in biotechnology will increase
(d) Biopiracy. Exploitation of patent biological resource without proper permission is called biopiracy. Collection of such. material without a benefit sharing agreement is likely to find its way into the list of criminal violations in many countries.
(e) Genetically Modified Food. The food prepared from the produce of genetically modified crops is called genetically modified food(GM food).It contains proteins produced by transgene. It also contains the enzyme produced by antibiotic resistance gene. It is an accepted fact now that the biological diversity with different kinds of plants and animals ensures food supply and maintenance of ecological balance in nature. The difference is the type of cultivated plants and domestic animals throughout the world has been determined by difference in natural habitats. It is attributed to their germplasm also. Biological diversity is threatened by encroachment on natural ecosystems by the activities of ever growing human population.

The growth curve shown aboveis logistic growth curve or S-shaped curve.
Logistic growth curve is considered more realistic because unlimited resources are not available in an ecosystem or in a habital, where
K-stands for carrying capacity.
N-indicates population density, which is the number of species of a population per unit area. r-is for intrinsic rate of natural increase.

(a) In some shallow lakes of South America, the visiting flamingoes and the resident fishes compete for their common food, the zooplanktons in the lake
b) In interference competition.the feeding efficiency of one species is reduced by the interfering and inhibitory presence of the other species, even if the resources are abundant and not limiting e.q. the Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos island became extinct within a decade after goats were introduced into the island.
(c) Work hard and equip yourself to be successful in this competitive world.

The chemical composition and pH of water are important to affect the animals.
Some animals can tolerate only a narrow range of salinity and are called stenohaline.
Some animals can tolerate a wide range of salinity and are called euryhaline.
Many freshwater fishes can not live for long in sea water and vice versa, because of the osmotic problems, they would face in such waters.
(b) (i) The leaves are reduced to spines.
(ii) The stem is green, flattened, spongy and takes over the function of photosynthesis .
(iii) A thick cuticle prevents loss of water.
(iv) They have a special photosynthetic mechanism (CAM), that enables their stomata to remain closed during day and open during night.
(c) Water is the most precious resource, use it judiciously and think of programs for its conservation.