1. Colostrum provides passive acquired immunity.
2. Passive immunisation is necessary, when a person is infected with a deadly microbe and quick immune response IS necessary. e.g. for tetanus, snake bite.

It is because the body has the ability to defend (i.e. immunity) many of these infectious agents.

The withdrawal symptoms are
(i) anxiety   
(ii) shakiness
(iii) nausea  
(iv)sweating

Both morphine and heroin are extracted from the latex of plant Papaver somniferum.
Morphine acts as an effective sedative and painkiller while heroin acts as a depressant and slows down body functions. When taken in excess amount, these drugs alter the moods or induce sleep.

A-antigen binding site,
B-variable region
C-constant region
D-light chain,
E-heavy chain (constant region),
F-disulphide bond

When the body encounters a pathogen for the first time, it triggers an immune response by generating antibodies.

This response is of low intensity. Subsequent encounter with same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary response.

This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the first encounter. this types of secondary immune response is elicited by memory T-cells, B-cell which keep ready to mount a rapid and vigorous attack as soon as the same pathagen infects the body again.

Papaver somniferum; Erythroxylon coca

(i) Cancer (Malignancy). It is an abnormal form of development which occurs during adult life and converts normal cells into abnormal cells called cancerous cells.
(ii)Carcinogenic.The factors which are considered to cause cancer are known as carcinogenic e.g. Chewing of pan and tobacco.

(i) Benign tumour(Non-malignant tumour).Such tumours grow slowly but become quite large.It remains restricted to the place of origin and does not spread to other areas of body.Mostly tumours are of this type and do not give rise to cancer.
(ii) Cancerous tumour(Malignant tumour). It begins as a small tumour growth it first,grows slowly in the start and more rapidly later on.The tumour ultimately spreads to the neighbouring tissue like the roots of a tree.Later on, cancerous cells separate off from the original site and they divide and redivide to form secondary tumour. 

(a) CT - Computed tomography.MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging
(b) Difference.CT is an invasive technique as it uses X-rays while MRI is a noninvasive technique as it uses magnetic field.
(c)Use. CT gives sectional and three dimensional picture of any part of the body while MRI gives better contrast of soft tissues. MRI, however, cannot be used on patients fitted with pace-maker and metal implants.

Molecular Biology:

Techniques of molecular biology ca be applied to detect genes in individuals with inherited susceptibility to certain cancers.

Identification of such genes may be helpful in prevention of cancers.

Plasmodium vivax

Plasmodium malariae

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium faciparum causes malignantmalaria.

Typhoid Mary is a classic case in madicine.

Mary Mallon was a cook by profession and was a typhoid carrier.

She continued to spread typhoid for several years through the food she prepared.

They are more likely to get infections like AIDS and hepatitis-B, as the viruses of these diseases are spread by the use of contaminated needles and syringes; both are chronic infections and are fatal.
Since, the tolerance levels of the receptors present in our body to these drugs increase, they respond only to higher doses of drugs leading to greater intake and addiction.

Cocaine has a potent stimulating action on the central nervous system.

It produces a sense of euphoria and increased energy and hence,sportspersons become addicted to it.

(a) Contact inhibition is the property shown by normal cells,by the virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled proliferation and growth.
(b) All normal cells have cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto-oncogenes;when activated under certain conditions,such genes could lead to oncogenic transformation of cells,i.e.they become cancerous.

(a) Bone marrow.
(b) Some of the lymphocytes remain in the bone marrow and mature into B-lymphocytes.
B-lymphocytes produce antibodies,that neutralise the pathogen during actual infection.
Some of the lymphocytes move to the thymus and mature into T-lymphocytes.
T-lymphocytes stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies and some T-cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and are responsible for rejecting organ transplants.

(a) Human beings;in the erythrocytes (RBCs).
(b) Mosquito;in the intestine.

Elephantiasis is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Wuchereria malayi.

It affects the lower limbs and genital organs.

Ringworm is caused by Microsporum,Trichophyton and Epidermophyton.

It affects the skin,nails and scalp.

Innate immunity and acquired immunity or Active immunity and passive immunity.

Cell-mediated immunity is so called because it involves specialized cells,the T-lymphocytes.

Humoral immunity is so called because it includes the antibodies,which are found circulating in the body fluid,the blood. (humors-body fluids.)

A - Heroin
B - Cardiovascular system
C - Cocaine
D - Stimulates central nervous system.

(a) Retroviruses
They have RNA as the genetic material and can make DNA on RNA template with the help of enzyme reverse transcriptase;hence they are called retroviruses.
(d) Transmission of HIV infection
(i) by transfusion of blood and blood products contaminated with HIV.
(ii) by sharing infected needles as in the case of intravenous drug abusers.
(iii) from the infected mother to the foetus,through placenta.

Smack is odtained from Papaver somniferum (Poppy).

It binds to specific opioid receptors present in our central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract.

It is a depressant and shows down the body functions.

Typhoid

Salmonella typi

Widal test

Transmission is by contaminated food and water.

It is called allergy.

It is due to the release of histamine and serotonin by mast cells.