Aneuploidy is the condition used to describe a chromosomal aberration or alteration that is caused by an addition or deletion of one or a few chromosomes. It results in genetic disorders. It differs from polyploidy which is the addition of one or more complete sets of chromosome in the genome.

The RNA molecule given in question should be

As RNA have uracil in the place of thymíne, for given RNA, the transcription unit will be

Transcription is catalysed by 'DNA-dependent RNA polymerase

(a)(i) Turner's syndrome.
(ii) 44 with XO chromosomes - such females are sterile as ovaries are rudimentary. Other features include lack of other secondary sexual characters, short stature and under developed feminine characters.
(b) Such a disorder is caused due to the absence of one of X chromosomes

(a) Rupture of Graafian follicleleads to ovulation! release of ovum.
(b) Estrogen level islow.
(c) Disintegtation of endometrium and menstrual cycle begins again.

(i) i-Regulatory gene, p - Promotor gene.
(ii) Inducer is lactose.
Functions
(a) Enters the cell and binds to the repressor and inactivates it.
(b) As a result, repressor cannot bind to the operator .This allows  RNA polymerase to have access to the promotor and transactions proceeds.

Recombinant Therapeutics
The recombinant therapeutics do not induce unwanted immunological responses like similar products of non-human origin.
About 30 recombinant therapeutics have been approved world over.
12 of them are being marketed in India.

Duct System of male Reproductive System.
The intratesticular duct system starts with tubuli recti,which are the short,straight end segments of the seminiferous tubules ;these tubules connect the seminiferous tubules to the cuboidal epithelium-lined channels,called rete testis.
Form the rete testis arise 10-20 fine tubules,called vasa efferentia that leave the testis and open into the epididymis.
Epididymis is a single convoluted tubule that is located along the posterior surface of the testis.
The epididymis continues as the vas-deferens,that ascends into the abdominal cavity through inguinal canal.
It loops over the urinary bladder and receives a duct from the seminal vesicle of its side to form ejaculatory duct that runs through the prostate and opens into the prostatic urethra,just after its emergence from the urinary bladder.
The urethra receives the ducts of prostate gland and bulbourethral glands,a little ahead and runs through the penis to its openning called urethral meatus,to the outside.

Properties of Genetic Material
(i)The genetic material should be able to generate its replica so that one can be transmitted to the daughter cell/next generation.
(ii) It should be chemically and structurally stable.
(iii) It should provide scope for slow changes (mutation) that are necessary for evolution. (iv) It should be able to express itself in the form of Mendelian characters.

Lethal genes.  These genes kill the organisms when they are able to express their effect.Dominant homozygous recessive, e.g., sickle cell anemia, For colour in mice (first studied by Cuenot in 1905).
Pleiotropic genes. These genes have multiple effects because they influence number of traits simultaneously.

Cloning site is necessary in order to link the alien DNA to the vector.
The vector should have preferably a single recognition site, for the commonly used restriction enzyme.
1. In E.coli the ligation of alien DNA is carried out at one of two antibiotic resistance genes.
2. A foreign DNA can be ligated at the Bam H I site of tetracycline resistance gene in the vector pBR 322.
3. The recombinant plasmid will lose the tetracycline resistance, but can grow on ampicillin-containing medium.
4. When they are transferred to tetracycline containing medium, the recombinant cannot grow while the non-recombinants will grow on both ampicillin and tetracycline containing medium. Thus cloning sites help in the selection of recombinants.

(i) Cloned genes, when expressed to produce recombinant proteins, help in developing sensitive diagnostic techniques.
(ii) Cloned genes are used as probes to detect the presence of its complementary DNA strand; mutated genes will not hybridise with the probe and hence do not appear on the photographic film.

Dual function of AUG codon
1. It codes for amino acid,methionine
2. It functions as the initiation codon
3. It is transcribed by TAC on DNA
4. Its anticodon is UAC.

 A protein acquires a charge depending on the abundance of amino acids residues that have positively charged groups in their side chains. Histones are rich in basic amino acids residues-lysines and arginine both of these amino acids carry positive charges in their side chains,.Hense, histones are positively charged molecules.

Haemophilia- It is the condition in which blood cannot clot if a person is injured because of the absence of the clotting factor VIII.
Symptoms of haemophilia-
Excessive bleeding from even a small cut.
Large and deep bruises.
Pain, swelling, or tightness in the joints.
Nosebleed without a normal cause.
Blood in urine and stool.
Differences between haemophilia and sickle-cell anaemnia are

(i) A. Placental villi
B. Umbilical cord with its vessels
C. Embryo

(i) Restriction enzymes are derived from a defence unit called restriction modification system which protects the microorganisms from harm.
(ii) They are called as molecular scissors because they cut DNA molecules at specified location indicated by presence of specific recognition sequence.
(iii) No, the strands cut from within are joined by another enzyme called DNA ligase. This joining is either with self or with another different strand.
(iv) Varun is curious, has scientific temperament and ask quick and intelligent questions.

(i) Animals that have had their DNA manipulated to possess and express an extra foreign gene are known as transgenic animals.
(ii) No, each cow would produce only a limited amount of medicinal milk before it dies. This means lives of many cows would be compromised for the production of substantial amount of medicinal milk, for the advantage of humans.
(iii) Some laws have been passed by the Government and agencies monitoring the genetic engineering researches to maintain ethics of life, and to regulate such acts.
(iv) Sympathy towards animals, ethics, respect for living organisms.

(a) Jacob and Monod proposed the concept of lac operon.
(c) The regulatory
(i) gene codes for repressor protein, which is synthesised constitutively all the time.
(ii) It binds to the operator and prevents the RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon; so the operon is 'switched off'.
(iii) When lactose is present in the cell, it functions as inducer.
(iv) When it binds to the repressor and inactivates it, the repressor does not bind to the operator.
(v) This allows RNA polymerase access to the promoter and transcription proceeds, i.e. the operon is 'switched on'.

(a) They used \(^{ 15 }{ { NH }_{ 4 }Cl }\) and \(^{ 14 }{ { NH }_{ 4 }Cl }\) to grow E.coli, because the density of DNA of E.coli grown on these media can be distinguished based on their densities.
(b) lsN was incorporated into the nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine) of DNA.
(c) The \(^{ 15 }{ N }-DNA\) can be distinguished from the \(^{ 14 }{ N }-DNA\) by centrifugation in cesium chloride density gradient; \(^{ 15 }{ N }-DNA\) is heavier than \(^{ 14 }{ N }-DNA\).
(d) They took samples at definite intervals as the cells multiplied and extracted the DNA that remained as double stranded elices.
(e) At the end of 20 minutes, the DNA of E.coli had a hybrid or intermediate density.
At the end of 40 minutes, the DNA extracted from the cells contained equal quantities of hybrid DNA and light DNA.
(f) They concluded that DNA replication is semi-conservative.

(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
Explanation:
A soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces a Cry protein (crystal protein). This protein is toxic to the larvae of certain insects. There are several kinds of Cry proteins, which are is toxic to a different group of insects. The gene encoding Cry protein, that is cry gene has been isolated and transferred into several crops. A crop expressing a cry gene is usually resistant to the groups of insects.

(d) If A is false, but R is true

(b)  Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of assertion.

Explanation:

Plasmid pBR322 has a variety of unique restriction sites for restriction endonucleases. Two unique sites, Pst I and Pvu I are located within the amp' gene and BamHI, Sal I etc. are within tet¹ gene. The presence of restriction sites within the marker tet' and amp' permits an easy selection for cell transformed with the recombinant pBR322. Insertion of the DNA fragment into the plasmid using enzyme Pst I and Pvu I places the DNA insert within the gene amp' and make it non functional.

(i) Plasmid is a circular DNA molecule. When cut with enzyme, it becomes linear but does not get fragmented. Whereas, a linear DNA molecule gets cut into two fragments. Hence, a single DNA band is observed for plasmid, while two DNA bands are observed for linear DNA in agarose gel.
(ii) The genes called selectable marker help in selecting those host cells, which contain the foreign gene (transformants) and eliminate non-transformants.

(i) (c)
(ii) (a)
(iii) (c)
(iv) (a)
(v) (c)