(i) In a monohybrid cross, when homozygous dominant and honozygous recessive parents arc crossed, F₁- hybrid would be heterozygous for the trait and would express the dominant allele.

(ii) The hybrid is heterozygous containing both alternative alleles (Y and y) but only one trait, i.e. yellow colour appeared and green colour trait is suppressed in F₁ -generation.
This shows that yellow seed colour is dominant over the green seed colour trait. This explains Mendel's law of dominance.
(iii) Phenotypic ralio in Fgeneration, Yellow seeds :Green seeds (3 : 1) in monohybrid cross andin dihybrid cross 9:3 :3: 1.

(a) This representation (HbA peptide) indicates a normal human, because the glutamic acid in the sixth position is not substituted by Valine
(b) The sufferer's RBCs become elongated and sickle shaped as compared to the normal biconcave RBCs.
(c) Both males and females are likely to suffer from the disease equally, as this is not a sex linked disease. It is an autosomal linked recessive trait.

1. In the given case, as E.coli is a mutant for DNA ligase, it will result in no further joining of Okazaki fragments on lagging strand.
2. This will ultimately result into the formation of both high molecular weight fragments (on leading strands) and low molecular weight fragments (on lagging strand). Hence, only the graph (a) could be the appropriate result after centrifugation.

mRna caries a message from DNA to ribosome sin the form of sequence of triplet codes.It acts as a plateform where protein synthesis takes place.tRNA transfer aminoacids to protein synthesizing apparatus.mRNA possess codons and tRNA possess anticodons.The anticodons are---(i)UUA,(ii)GUC,(iii)AUA,(iv)CGU

Differences between DNA and RNA

(a) (i) Father \(I(I^{ \wedge }i)\) and mother \(I(I^{ B }i)\)
(ii) \(I^{ \wedge }I^{ \wedge }\quad or\quad I^{ \wedge }i\)  or u
(b) Y can be of blood group A or 0
(c) - The gene for blood group trait has three alleles, lA, IB and i
-\(I^{ A }\) and \(I^{ B }\)  are not only dominant over  but are also codominant, i.e.
both of them express themselves in the presence of the other, in producing the phenotype, blood group AB.

Cross A, because they are tightly linked I due to close physical association I they are closely located

The differences between unambiguous and universal genetic codes are as follows

(ii) The differences between degenerate and initiator codes are as follows

(i) The type of sex-determination mechanism in which female XX with male XO is male heterogamety, e.g. grasshopper.
(ii) The type of sex-determination mechanism shown in female ZW with male ZZ is female heterogamety, e.g. birds.