The production manager cannot blame the foreman, if he is not able to achieve the desired target, as the authority delegated to a subordinate should be equal to his responsibility. Authority and responsibility of a subordinate should go hand in hand.

This principle suggests that if a subordinate is given the responsibility to do a particular task in a proper manner, he should be given adequate authority to perform the task. Similarly, if a subordinate is given authority to do a particular task in the proper manner.

In this case, the production manager has not given authority to the foreman for the requisition of tools and materials from the stores department. Therefore, foreman cannot be held responsible for not achieving the desired result. But, the director can blame the production manager for not achieving the target.

It is the right to file suit, which is given member of the public by the courts through judicial activism.It can be filed in High Court or directly in the Supreme Court.It is not necessary that the petitioner has suffered some injury of his own or has had personal grievance to litigate.
Public interest litigation is right given to the society conscious member or a public spirited NGO to expouse a public injury.Such injury may arise from breach of public duty or due to a violation of some provision of the constitution.
It is this device, by which public participation in judicial review of administrative action is assured.It is the effort of making judicial process little more democratic.

In secondary market, securities are not directly issued by the company to investors.The securities are sold by existing investors to other investors.Sometimes, the investor is in need of cash and another investor wants to buy the shares of the company, that he could not get directly from the company.

 Then, both the investors can meet in secondary market and exchange securities for cash through an intermediary called broker.

Business environment provides both constraints and opportunities. Some of the constraints are economic conditions, customers, government regulations, availability of natural resources etc. In spite of many initiatives, FDI is not picking up in India due to political and bureaucratic hurdles. On the other hand, environment also offers various opportunities which include changing needs of customers, technological advances etc. e.g. the growing demand for ACs has attracted many new players, domestic (Godrej, Kirloskar) as well as multinationals (LG Electronics) to this industry.

The importance of organizing may be summarise as follows :-
(a) Benefits of specialization : The activities are grouped very carefully into specialized jobs on the basis of similarity. repetitive performance of a particular task leads to specialization.
(b) Clarity in working relationships : The jobs of managers and non managers are clearly defined & differentiated.
(c) Effective administration : Organising provides a clear description of a jobs and related duties. This helps to avoid confusion and duplication. Clarity in working relationship enables proper execution of work. This brings effectiveness in administration.
(d) Source of support and security improves job satisfaction : Organising is a source of support, security and satisfaction to managers and employees in performing their assigned tasks. It recognizes the status levels of members; each one of the members enjoys a definite status and position in the organisation. In a sound organisation every individual is assigned the job for which he is best suited. The assignment of right jobs to right persons improves job satisfaction among the employees.
(e) Optimum utilization of resources : A sound organisation helps In the optimum utilization of technological and human resources by avoiding duplication of work and overlapping of efforts.
(f) Adaptation of change : The process of organizing allows a business enterprise to adapt itself according to changes in the business.

Bharat Electricals cannot file a complaint as Bharat Electricals is not a consumer.They bought goods for commercial purpose and not for consumption.
Who is a Consumer?
Consumer means any of the following persons:
(i) A person, who buys any good or avails any service for a consideration which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any scheme of deferred payment.
(ii) The term includes any other user of such goods when such use is made with the approval of the buyer.The term' consumer',however, does not include a person, who obtains such goods for resale or for any commercial purpose.

Malpractices such as existence of self-styled merchant bankers, unofficial private placements, rigging of prices, unofficial premium on new issues, non-adherence of provisions of the Companies Act, violation of rules and regulations of stock exchanges and listing requirements, delay in delivery of shares, etc. had eroded investors' confidence and multiplied investor grievances. In order to fight with such problems, government established SEBI as a separate regulatory body.
Regulatory Functions
(i) Registration of brokers, sub-brokers and other players in the market.
(ii) Registration of collective investment schemes and mutual funds.
(iii) Regulation of stock brokers, portfolio exchanges, underwriters and merchant bankers and the business in stock exchanges.
(iv) Regulation of takeover bids by companies.
(v) Levying fee or other charges for carrying out the purposes of the Act.
(vi) SEBI conducts inspections, enquiries and audits of stock exchanges.
(vii) Perform and exercise such power under Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956, as may be delegated by the government of India.

The stock exchange is an institution, which provides a platform for buying and selling of existing securities.
Functions of Stock Exchange
(i) Provides liquidity and marketability to existing securities
The primary function of a stock exchange is to provide a ready and continuous market where existing securities can be bought and sold.
This provides both liquidity and cash marketability to already existing securities in the market.
(ii) Pricing of securities
Share prices on a stock exchange are determined by the forces of demand and supply.Stock market indices like SENSEX, NSE, etc reflect market direction and indicate day-to-day fluctuations in share prices.
Thus, both buyers and sellers can get constant information about price movements of shares in the market.
(iii) Safety of transactions
The membership of a stock exchange is well defined according to the existing legal framework. This ensures that the investment of public is safe and they will get a fair deal in the market.
(iv) Contributes to economic growth
In stock exchange. the process of disinvestment and reinvestment channelise the savings into productive investment avenues. This leads to capital formation and economic growth
(v) Spreading Equity Cult
It is an organised market, which takes various steps to guide and educate investors, publish information about companies listed on the exchange and ensures better and safe trading practices. These practices have played a vital role in increasing the number of people investing in equity, thus leading to wider ownership of equity.
(vi) Provides Scope for Speculation
It is generally accepted that a certain degree of speculation is necessary to ensure liquidity and price continuity in the stock market. Thus, it provides sufficient scope for speculation in a restricted and controlled manner within the provisions of law.

For such a company, I would choose functional structure because the company has grouped the activities or jobs of similar nature into separate departments, such as manufacturing, finance, marketing and so on.
Advantages of functional structure
Functional structure has the following advantages:
(i) It leads to occupational specialisation, since emphasis is placed on specific functions and repeated performance leading to efficient functioning.
(ii) It promotes control and coordination within a department because of similarity in the tasks performed.
(iii) It leads to increased efficiency and profits.
(iv) It leads to minimal duplication of efforts, which results in economies of scale, and this lowers the cost.
(v) It makes training of employees easier as the focus is only on a limited range of skills.
(vi) It ensures that all functions get due attention. 

Importance/Benefits of business Environment 
Business enterprises cannot work in isolation. Therefore, a good understanding of environment not only helps the manager to deal with uncertain situations but also helps enterprises to identify the benefit from opportunities that the environment offers. The following points highlight the importance of business environment:
1.It Enables the firm to identify Opportunities and Get the First Mover Advantage 
Opportunities are the positive trends that help firms to grow. A good knowledge of business environment helps a manager to identify such opportunities earlier to take its benefit, rather than losing it to other competing enterprises.
For example, Maruti Udyog was the first automobile company in India to recognize the opportunity to develop small cars, due to which, it is still one of the market leaders in that segment.
2.It Helps the Firm to identify Threats and Early Warning Signals
Threats refer to the negative trends, which will hinder the performance of the enterprise. The businessmen, who are able to scan and understand the business environment on time get a warning signal to deal with such negative changes. e.g. due to entry of many automobile companies in India, Maruti Udyog had started paying attention towards making strategies to survive in the competition.
3.It Helps in Tapping Useful Resources
Environment is a source of various resources for business like finance, machinery, raw materials, etc. Contrary to this, business enterprise supplies goods and services to the society in the form of taxes, products, return on investment, etc.. A good understanding of environment helps that firm to convert such resources into output required by the environment and society.
4.It helps in Coping With Rapid Changes
Business environment is fast changing due to turbulent market conditions, more demanding customers, changing technology and increasing global competition. In order to cope up with such changes and derive benefit from them, managers must examine their environment and develop suitable action.
5.It Assists in Planning and Helps in Policy Formulation
Since, business environment is a source of identifying both opportunities and threats, its proper analysis and understanding provide the base for planning and guides in framing policies. It helps an enterprise to decide the future course of action and provides guidelines for decision-making.

i) Encouragement to country made products
ii) Development of market for domestic products
iii) Development of National Values

Informal organisation

Organising as a process is identification and division of work, departmentalisation, assigning of duties and established reporting relationship.

The method to be adopted is called ‘E-IPO’ or electronic Intial Public offer under this method the company Excel Ltd has to enter into an agreement with the stock exchange. SEBI registered brokers have to be appointed for accepting applications and placing orders with the company. The company should also appoint a register to the issue having electronic connectivity with the exchange. The issuer company can apply for listing of its securities on any other exchange other than exchange through which it was offered its securities . A head manager may be appointed to co-ordinate the issue.

Private placement is when new issue is not offered to public bu to institutional investors and members of the public

Only those appeals where the value of goods and services in question, along with the compensation claimed exceeded Rs.1 crore and where the aggrieved party was not satisfied with the order of the National Commission.

As per the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 a complaint can be filed in: District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum (DCDRF): If the value of the claim is upto ` 20 lakh State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (SCDRC): If the value of the claim exceeds ` 20 lakhs but is within ` one crore.