Planning makes co-ordination of various activities, departments and groups relatively easy, planned programmes of activity serve as the basis of harmonizing the efforts of different division, departments and people. Thus, for example, manufacturing and sales activities can be co-ordinate only if plans of the production department are drawn on the basis of sales plane. In the absence of proper planning of interrelated activities the production department may turn out goods which the sales department may not be able to sale and conflict may occur between then heads of two departments. Confusion and misunderstanding may also occur in the absence of integrated planning of different activities co-ordination of departmental operations is facilitated by planning through the establishment of common goals as guide posts.

“Effectiveness & efficiency are the two sides of the same coin”.
1. Sometime a business concentrates on effectiveness & ignores efficiency i.e. complete then given task but at a high cost.
2. On the other hand, sometimes a business may concentrate more on producing goods with fewer resources i.e. it cuts down cost but cannot achieve the target production. This is a case of being efficient but not effective since the goods did not reach the market. Therefore it is important for mgt. to achieve goals (effectiveness) with minimum resources i.e. as efficiently as possible maintaining a balance between effectiveness & efficiency.

Yes,
Reason:
i) Huge amount of funds are involved.
ii) Such decisions have long-term implications.
They are irreversible decisions.
There are associated cause with capital budgeting decisions 

Informal Organisation structure is followed by Raman, as general manager interacts beyond his officially defined roles. As per the order, he has to approach first to the concerned manager but he was consulting the crucial matter directly with junior managers and employees.
(ii) By consulting the matter with juniors, general manager overlooks the following values:
(a) Respect
(b) Empathy
(c) Integrity
(d) Consistency

Staffing refers to putting right people on the right job.It begins with workforce planning and includes other functions like recruitment, selection, training, development, promotion, compensation and performance appraisal of workforce.
Staffing is an important function of management.Following points highlight the same:
(i) Staffing ensures the availability of the most suitable and capable persons for various jobs.
(ii) By placing the right person at the right job, it ensures better performance.
(iii) Staffing ensures the continuous survival and growth of the enterprise, through the succession planning for managers.
(iv) It helps in avoiding over manning, under utilisation of manpower and high labour cost.It also helps in preventing the disruption of work by indicating in advance about the likely shortage of employees.
(v) It improves job satisfaction by providing fair remuneration and regular assessment.

(i) Principle of 'Equity' is overlooked in the above paragraph. According to Fayol, this principle emphasises kindness and justice in the behaviour of managers towards workers. This will ensure loyalty and devotion.
(ii) Values which are overlooked are:
(a) Equity
(b) Impartiality
(c) Fairness

Measurement of Actual Performance
Once the standards are fixed, the next step is to measure the actual performance. Generally, it is conducted by the managers to analyze the overall efficiency level of the employees. While measuring the performance, objective and reliable methods should be used, such as sample checking, preparing reports, personal observation, etc.
Measurement should be done after the task is completed. However, sometimes performance can be measured during the performance to ensure regular control over the activities. Usually, in large organizations, certain pieces are checked at random, instead of checking the whole lot. This is called sample checking.

Environmental scanning helps an enterprise to recognize qualitative information in advance, which can be used to prepare it for facing likely challenges. e.g. if any new multinational company is entering the Indian market, the manager of an Indian firm dealing with same product, as that of the multinational company, should take it as a warning signal. He should take measures like improving the quality of his product, heavy advertisement etc to face the challenge.

Significance of Management Principles
Provide useful insights to manager :- Principle of managers provides useful insights to managerial behaviour and influence managerial practices. These principles will add to their knowledge ability and understanding of managerial situations and circumstances.
Managers may apply inside principles to fulfill their task and responsibility. They enable the managers to learn from past mistakes and save time by solving recurring problems fast. So, management principles increase management efficiency.
Optimum Utilisation of Resources :- Management principles aim at optimum utilization of human and physical resources for the attainment of organizational goals. By optimum utilization, we learn that resources should be put to use in such a manner that they should give maximum benefit with minimum cost.
e.g:-  Science not rule of thumb suggest-every task should be done with minimum required efforts and energy.
Scientific Decisions
Management principles enable the managers to approach various problems systematically & scientifically & keep them in taking scientific decisions to meet changing conditions. Management decisions taken on the basis of principles are free from bias and prejudice because they emphasize logic rather than blind faith.
Meeting Changing Environment requirements :- Management principles train the managers to adopt the changes in technology in right direction and at right level in the organization. Thus, although the management principles are general guidelines, yet they are modified by the manager to meet changing requirements of the environment.
Fulfilling social Responsibility :-  Management principles not only act as guidelines for achieving organisational objectives but this principle also guide the managers to perform social responsibility.
E.g:- principles of “Fair Remuneration’ insists on adequate salary to employee.

(a) i. Prospectus issue
ii. Issue through intermediaries:
iii. Private placement:
iv. Rights issue: 
(b)
The methods of floating new issues in the primary market are:
(i) Offer Through Prospectus: It is the method of floating new issues by inviting subscriptions from the public through issue of prospectus.
(ii) Offer for Sale: It is the method in which the securities are not issued directly to the public but through intermediaries like issuing houses or stock brokers.
(iii) Private Placement: It refers to the allotment of securities by a company to institutional investors and some selected individuals.
(iv) Rights Issue: It is the privilege given to existing shareholders to subscribe to new issue of shares in proportion to the number of shares they already hold.
(v) e-IPO: It refers to issuing securities through the online system of stock exchange.
(c) The main investors in the primary market are banks, financial institutions insurance companies , mutual funds and individuals.

Importance/Benefits of business Environment 
Business enterprises cannot work in isolation. Therefore, a good understanding of environment not only helps the manager to deal with uncertain situations but also helps enterprises to identify the benefit from opportunities that the environment offers. The following points highlight the importance of business environment:
1.It Enables the firm to identify Opportunities and Get the First Mover Advantage 
Opportunities are the positive trends that help firms to grow. A good knowledge of business environment helps a manager to identify such opportunities earlier to take its benefit, rather than losing it to other competing enterprises.
For example, Maruti Udyog was the first automobile company in India to recognize the opportunity to develop small cars, due to which, it is still one of the market leaders in that segment.
2.It Helps the Firm to identify Threats and Early Warning Signals
Threats refer to the negative trends, which will hinder the performance of the enterprise. The businessmen, who are able to scan and understand the business environment on time get a warning signal to deal with such negative changes. e.g. due to entry of many automobile companies in India, Maruti Udyog had started paying attention towards making strategies to survive in the competition.
3.It Helps in Tapping Useful Resources
Environment is a source of various resources for business like finance, machinery, raw materials, etc. Contrary to this, business enterprise supplies goods and services to the society in the form of taxes, products, return on investment, etc.. A good understanding of environment helps that firm to convert such resources into output required by the environment and society.
4.It helps in Coping With Rapid Changes
Business environment is fast changing due to turbulent market conditions, more demanding customers, changing technology and increasing global competition. In order to cope up with such changes and derive benefit from them, managers must examine their environment and develop suitable action.
5.It Assists in Planning and Helps in Policy Formulation
Since, business environment is a source of identifying both opportunities and threats, its proper analysis and understanding provide the base for planning and guides in framing policies.It helps an enterprise to decide the future course of action and provides guidelines for decision-making.
6.It Helps in improving Performance
An enterprise that monitors its environment continuously, is in a position to improve not only its present performance but also improve its future performance. This ensures success of the business in the long-run.

(i) Encouraging the use of alternate resources.
(ii) Economically usage of commodities
(iii) Proper utilisation of scarce resources
(iv) To be conscious to live within limited budget of available commodities

i) The sellers should get the iron of Mohan repaired.
ii) Rights of Mohan should not be violated
iii) Mohan should file complaint to the company against the seller.
iv) If not heard than Mohan should move to consumer court.

i) Reduction in social responsibilities due to non cooperation in social work.
ii) Increase in production due to efficient employees
iii) Deterioration in Health of employees due to prolonged working hours.
iv) Reduction in employment opportunities for local persons
v) Increase in salary will increase social respect/standard of living

i) Save Electricity
ii) Reduction in Cost
iii) Protection of environment

Characteristics of sound plan are :
1. Plan should be simple : for a good plan to be effective, it should be simple, to understand and worked upon different individuals and groups.
2. Plan should be specific : objectives and goals should be clearly defined and explained. Thus planning is purposeful.
3. Plan must be flexible : conditions under which a business operate keep on changing. Therefore, planning must be flexible and not rigid. It should enable the management to take care of the changes in the environment

Organising as a process is identification and division of work, departmentalisation, assigning of duties and established reporting relationship.

Financial markets reduce cost of transaction as they save time money and effort of both buyers and sellers by providing a common platform for them to meet and deal with each other.

Yes, Directing refers to unstryiting guiding & motivating subordinates in an organisation for achievement of organizational goals four elements of directing are
(i) Supervision
(ii) Communication
(iii) Motivation &
(iv) Leadership.