Amylopectin is a branched polymer of \(\alpha\)-glucose and insoluble in water.

Amino acids have both acidic as well as basic group, therefore they are amphoteric in nature. i.e., they react both with acids as well as bases. They can accept as well as bases. They can accept as well as donate a proton.

(i) Nucleotides: They are monomers of nucleic acids. They are made up of a heterocyclic base containing nitrogen, a five carbon sugar and a phosphate group, e.g. adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
They contain P—O—P bonds which are high energy phosphate bonds and due to them nucleotides are energy carriers.Or Sugar + Phosphate + Nitrogen base.
(ii) Nucleosides: A base joined to a sugar molecule is called nucleoside, e.g., adenosine contains adenine and ribose, guanosine contains ribose and guanine, cytidine contains ribose and cytosine.Or Sugar + Nitrogen base.

Vitamins: Vitamins are group of organic compounds which are required in very small amounts for the healthy growth and functioning of animal organism. They cannot be made by organism and so have to be part of our diet. The deficiency of a vitamin can cause a specific disease, e.g.
(i) Vitamin B, deficiency causes pernicous anaemia.
(ii) Vitamin B, deficiency causes convulsion. 

(t) Glucose does not respond to Schiff's reagent test.

(il) It does not react with sodium bisulphite and ammonia.

On hydrolysis sucrose gives glucose (dextrorotatory +52.5) and fructose (laevorotatory, -92.4^o). Since laevorotation fructose is more than dextrorotation of glucose, therefore, mixture is laevorotatory.

Glycosidic linkage.

Vitamin C cannot be stored in our body because it is soluble in water therefore gets excreted in urine.

(i) Night blindness is caused by lack of vit. A
(ii) Loss of reproduction power is caused by deficiency of vit. E.

(i) Maltose is disaccharide.
(ii) 

(iii) The deficiency of vitamin D causes bone deformities in children.

(a) A-Sucrose (C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁) 
The mixture of D-(+)- glucose and D-(-)-Fructose is knows as invert sugar. 
The linkage which holds the two monosaccharide units through oxygen atom is called glycosidic linkage.
The amino acids exits as dipolar Zwitter ion. Due to this dipolar salt like character they have strong dipole dipole attractions. Thus their melting points are higher than the corresponding haloacids which do not exist as Zwitter ions.

(i) Vitamin A 
(ii) Uracil 
(iii) It suggests that six carbon atoms are in straight chain/CHO-(CHOH)₄-CH₂OH 

(i)

(b) Hydrolysis of DNA gives Adenine, Thymine,Guanine and Cytocine.

Amino acids may be acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the relative number of amino and carboxyl groups present in the molecule. Equal number of amino and carboxyl groups makes it neutral, more number of amino than carboxyl groups makes it basic and more carboxylic groups as compared to amino groups makes it acidic.
Essential Amino Acids:  Amino acids which can't be created in our body but can only be received from proper food or diet are called Essential Amino Acids. Examples- Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine.
Non- essential amino acids: Amino acids which can be created in our body itself are Non- essential amino acids. Examples-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid. Examples- Histidine, Isoleucine, Lysine.

The Ka and Kb values of a-amino acids are very low because, in a-amino acids, the acidic group is \({ NH }_{ 3 }\) instead of -COOH in carboxylic acids and basic group is -\({ COO }^{ - }\) instead of -\({ NH }_{ 2 }\) group in aliphatic amines. For example, the Ka and Kb values of glycine are \(1.6\times { 10 }^{ -10 }\) and \(2.5\times { 10 }^{ -12 }\) respectively.

Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at the glycosidic carbon (i.e. \({ C }_{ 1 }\) in aldoses and \({ C }_{ 2 }\) in ketoses) are called anomers while those which differ in configuration at any carbon other than glycosidic carbon are called epimers. For example, \(\alpha \)-D-glucose and \(\beta \)-D-glucose are anomers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 1 }\) (glycosidic carbon) while glucose and mannose are called epimers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 2 }\)(other than the glycosidic carbon \({ C }_{ 1 }\) ). In other words, glucose and mannose are Cr epimers. Similarly, we can show that glucose and galactose are \({ C }_{ 4 }\) -epimers since they differ in configuration only at \({ C }_{ 4 }\).