(i) Sucrose is the sweetest of all the known carbohydrates.
(ii) Lactose is present in milk.
(iii) Sucrose is a disaccharide in which two reducing monosaccharides are linked to each other by glycosidic linkange and are not free.
(iv) In our body starch get hydrolysed to glucose in the presence of enzymes. Glucose is slowly oxidised to CO₂ and water in the presence of enzyme oxidase present in our body. The oxidation reaction is accompanied by the release of energy.

(i) Concern for health of other person, kind, intelligent.
(ii) Vitamin B₁₂
(iii) Vitamin B / Vitamin C

Values expressed by Sonali : Awareness regarding deterimental consequences of junk food and also inclined towards the health of her school mates.
Values expressed by Principal : He showed responsible attitude in hearing to the opinion and taking immediate action for the health of students.
(ii) Vitamin B Complex and Vitamin C.

(i) Vitamin B-complex and vitamin C are water soluble vitamins.
(ii) Vitamin C is chemically ascorbic acid while vitamin D is ergocalciferol.
(iii) Green leafy vegetables like spinach, cabbage, carrot etc.
(iv) It is essentially needed for body. The deficiency of vitamin K leads to blood clotting and even harmorrhage

In disaccharide (Q), both the monosaccharides are linked through their reducing centres (\({ C }_{ 1 }\)), therefore, it is not a reducing disaccharide. In disaccharide (P), the reducing end (\({ C }_{ 1 }\)) of one monosaccharide is linked to non-reducing end (\({ C }_{ 4 }\)) of the other monosaccharide. In other words, reducing end of one monosaccharide is free. Therefore, it is a reducing disaccharide.

Alanine exists as a zwitterion (I) in aqueous solution. In presence of acid (pH = 2), the basic - COO- group accepts a proton to give cation (II) but in presence of a base (pH = 10), the acidic - \({ NH }_{ 3 }\) group donates a proton to the base and thus exists as an anion (III).
\(\quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }^{ - }\quad \overset { { H }^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }H\\ \quad \quad Alanine\quad (I)\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad II\)
\(\\ \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }^{ - }\quad \overset { { OH }^{ - } }{ \longrightarrow } \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ { COO }^{ - } }\\ \quad \quad Alanine\quad (I)\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad III\\ \)

The Ka and Kb values of a-amino acids are very low because, in a-amino acids, the acidic group is \({ NH }_{ 3 }\) instead of -COOH in carboxylic acids and basic group is -\({ COO }^{ - }\) instead of -\({ NH }_{ 2 }\) group in aliphatic amines. For example, the Ka and Kb values of glycine are \(1.6\times { 10 }^{ -10 }\) and \(2.5\times { 10 }^{ -12 }\) respectively.

The stability of \(\alpha \) -helix structure is due to intramolecular H-bonding between -NH- and -CO- groups of the same polypeptide chain. The \(\alpha \) -helix is termed as \({ 3.6 }_{ 13 }\) helix since each turn of the helix has approximately 3·6 amino acids and the hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of a 13-membered ring.

(i) Amino acids have zwitterionic structure. Therefore. in presence of strong acids the} exist as cations' (I) and thus on electrolysis, these migrate towards cathode.
\(\overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CHR-{ COO }^{ - }+{ H }^{ + }\longrightarrow \quad \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CHR-{ COO }H\\ \quad \quad Zwitterion\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad Cation(I)\)
In contrast, in presence of alkalies, the amino acids exist as anions (II) and thus on electrolysis, these migrate towards anode.
\(\overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CHR-{ COO }^{ - }+{ OH }^{ - }\longrightarrow \quad \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CHR-{ COO }H\\ \quad \quad Zwitterion\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad Anion(II)\\ \)
(ii) A monoamino monocarboxylic acid such as glycine exists as a dipolar ion \((\overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ COO }^{ - })\) .In this structure, \(\overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } \) group acts as the acid and \({ COO }^{ - }\) group acts as the base. Thus, monoamino monocarboxylic acids can act both as an acid as well as a base. Therefore, these acids have two pK values one as an acid (when titrated with a base) and other as a base (when titrated with an acid).

Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at the glycosidic carbon (i.e. \({ C }_{ 1 }\) in aldoses and \({ C }_{ 2 }\) in ketoses) are called anomers while those which differ in configuration at any carbon other than glycosidic carbon are called epimers. For example, \(\alpha \)-D-glucose and \(\beta \)-D-glucose are anomers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 1 }\) (glycosidic carbon) while glucose and mannose are called epimers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 2 }\)(other than the glycosidic carbon \({ C }_{ 1 }\) ). In other words, glucose and mannose are Cr epimers. Similarly, we can show that glucose and galactose are \({ C }_{ 4 }\) -epimers since they differ in configuration only at \({ C }_{ 4 }\).