Monomer of DNA are held together by phospho diester linkage.

Amylopectin is a branched polymer of \(\alpha\)-glucose and insoluble in water.

DNA  : (ii), (iii), (iv) ; RNA  : (vi).

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Streptokinase.

A zwittierion is a dipolar ion formed by neutralization of acidic and basic centres present within the molecule. For example, all aminoacids and sulphuric acid exist as zwitterions.

Polysaccharides on hydrolysis give a large number of molecules of monosaccharides. For example, starch or cellulose.

A diet consisting mainly of rice is not an adequate diet because it is deficient in lysine and threonmine which are essential amino acids required for growth and maintenence of health and hence their deficiency has to be supplemented by other protein rich diets like pulses, etc.

During denaturation of proteins 2° and 3° structures are destroyed but primary structure remains intact. 

H—bonds in proteins are disturbed, globules unfold, helix gets uncoiled, therefore, protein loses its biological activity. This is called denaturation of protein. 

On hydrolysis sucrose gives glucose (dextrorotatory +52.5) and fructose (laevorotatory, -92.4^o). Since laevorotation fructose is more than dextrorotation of glucose, therefore, mixture is laevorotatory.

n-hexane is formed when glucose is treated with HI. This reaction shows that all six carbon atoms are linked in a straight chain.

The main structural feature of reducing sugars is the presence of an aldehyde group (-CO) such as in glucose, mannose, galactose , etc. . Or the α -ketol grouping (-CO-CH₂OH) as present in fructose.

(a)The process of disruption of higher structure without changing its primary structure is called denaturation. If the disruptive agent is removed and protein recovers its original structure, it is called renaturation.
(b)In stomach pH is acidic, therefore, amylase becomes inactive, that is why digestion of carbohydrates does not take place in stomach.

(i)The ion whose one end is positively charged and other end is negatively charged is called Zwitter ion, e.g., 
\({ H }_{ 2 }N-CH_{ 2 }-COOH\rightleftharpoons { H }_{ 3 }^{ \oplus }N-CH_{ 2 }-COO^{ - }\)
(ii) Glycosidic Linkage: The oxide linkage between monosachharide units in oligo and polysachharide is called glycosidic linkage, e.g.

a) Nucleoside contains ribose or deoxyribose sugar and heterocyclic base, e.g., adenosine, whereas nucleotides contain phosphoric acid residue also along with heterocyclic  base and pentose sugar, e.g., adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
b) DNA consists of two strands of polynucleotides  coiled around each other in the form of a double helix. The nucleotides making up each strand of DNA are connected by phosphodiester bonds. This forms the backbone of each DNA strand from which the bases extend. The bases of one strand of DNA are paired with  bases on the other strand by means of hydrogen bonding. This hydrogen bonding is very specific as the structures of bases permit only one mode of pairing. Adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds and guanine pairs with cytocine through three hydrogen bonds. The two strands of DNA are said to be complementary to each other  in sense that the sequence of bases in one strand automatically determines that of the other. The strands are not identical but complementary.

(i) Sucrose is the sweetest of all the known carbohydrates.
(ii) Lactose is present in milk.
(iii) Sucrose is a disaccharide in which two reducing monosaccharides are linked to each other by glycosidic linkange and are not free.
(iv) In our body starch get hydrolysed to glucose in the presence of enzymes. Glucose is slowly oxidised to CO₂ and water in the presence of enzyme oxidase present in our body. The oxidation reaction is accompanied by the release of energy.

In disaccharide (Q), both the monosaccharides are linked through their reducing centres (\({ C }_{ 1 }\)), therefore, it is not a reducing disaccharide. In disaccharide (P), the reducing end (\({ C }_{ 1 }\)) of one monosaccharide is linked to non-reducing end (\({ C }_{ 4 }\)) of the other monosaccharide. In other words, reducing end of one monosaccharide is free. Therefore, it is a reducing disaccharide.

Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at the glycosidic carbon (i.e. \({ C }_{ 1 }\) in aldoses and \({ C }_{ 2 }\) in ketoses) are called anomers while those which differ in configuration at any carbon other than glycosidic carbon are called epimers. For example, \(\alpha \)-D-glucose and \(\beta \)-D-glucose are anomers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 1 }\) (glycosidic carbon) while glucose and mannose are called epimers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 2 }\)(other than the glycosidic carbon \({ C }_{ 1 }\) ). In other words, glucose and mannose are Cr epimers. Similarly, we can show that glucose and galactose are \({ C }_{ 4 }\) -epimers since they differ in configuration only at \({ C }_{ 4 }\).