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Published on: 03/10/2019
Integrals
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1.
Evaluate : \(\int _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }{ \frac { dx }{ 1+\sqrt { \cot { x } } } } \)
2.
Evaluate : \(\int _{ 1 }^{ 3 }{ \left( { 3x }^{ 2 }+1 \right) } dx\) by the method of limit of sums.
3.
Evaluate : \(\int _{ 0 }^{ 4 }{ \left( x+{ e }^{ 2x } \right) } dx\) as the limit of a sum.
4.
Evaluate : \(\int _{ 0 }^{ 2 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) dx } \) as limit of sums.
5.
Evaluate: \(\int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } }{ \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } +4\sin ^{ 2 }{ x } } } dx.\)
6.
Evaluate: \(\int _{ 2 }^{ 5 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx\)
7.
Evaluate : \(\int { \frac { { x }^{ 2 }+x+1 }{ (x+2)({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } } dx\)
8.
Find : \(\int { \frac { sin^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -cos^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } }{ sin^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } +cos^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } } } dx,x\epsilon \left[ 0,1 \right] \)
9.
Evaluate : \(\int { \frac { 8 }{ (x+2){ (x }^{ 2 }+4) } } dx\)
10.
Find : \(\int { \frac { sinx }{ sin^{ 3 }x+cos^{ 3 }x } } dx\)
1.
\(I=\int _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }{ \frac { dx }{ 1+\sqrt { \cot { x } } } } \)
\(=\int _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }{ \frac { \sqrt { \sin { x } } }{ \sqrt { \sin { x } } +\sqrt { \cos { x } } } } dx\)
Apply property \(\int _{ a }^{ b }{ f\left( x \right) } =\int _{ a }^{ b }{ f\left( a+b-x \right) } \)
\(=\int _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }{ \frac { \sqrt { \sin { \frac { \pi }{ 3 } +\frac { \pi }{ 6 } -x } } }{ \sqrt { \sin { \frac { \pi }{ 3 } +\frac { \pi }{ 6 } -x } } +\sqrt { \cos { \frac { \pi }{ 3 } +\frac { \pi }{ 6 } -x } } } } dx\)
\(\therefore I=\int _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }{ \frac { \sqrt { \cos { x } } }{ \sqrt { \cos { x } } +\sqrt { \sin { x } } } } dx\)
Adding, we get \(2I=\int _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }{ dx } =\left[ x \right] _{ \frac { \pi }{ 6 } }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 3 } }\)
2.
Here a = 1, b = 3, nh = 2, f(x) = 3x2 + 1
\(\int _{ 1 }^{ 3 }{ \left( { 3x }^{ 2 }+1 \right) } dx\)
\(=\lim _{ h\rightarrow 0 }{ h\left[ { 3h }^{ 2 }\left( { 1 }^{ 2 }+{ 2 }^{ 2 }+...+\left( n-1 \right) ^{ 2 } \right) +6h\left( 1+2+...+\left( n-1 \right) \right) +4n \right] } \)
\(=\lim _{ h\rightarrow 0 }{ h\left[ \frac { 3\left( nh-h \right) \left( nh \right) \left( 2nh-h \right) }{ 6 } +\frac { 6\left( nh-h \right) \left( nh \right) }{ 2 } +4nh \right] } \)
\(=\lim _{ h\rightarrow 0 }{ h\left[ \frac { 3\left( 2-h \right) .2.\left( 4-h \right) }{ 6 } +\frac { 6\left( 2-h \right) .2 }{ 2 } +8 \right] } \)
= 8 + 12 + 8 = 28
3.
\(f\left( x \right) =x+{ e }^{ 2x },\)
\(\int _{ 0 }^{ 4 }{ f\left( x \right) dx } =\lim _{ n\rightarrow \infty ,h\rightarrow 0 }{ h\sum _{ r=1 }^{ n }{ f\left( rh \right) } , } nh=4\)
\(f\left( rh \right) =rh+{ e }^{ 2rh },\sum _{ r=1 }^{ n }{ f\left( rh \right) } =h\sum _{ 1 }^{ n }{ r } +\sum _{ 1 }^{ n }{ { e }^{ 2rh } } =h\frac { n\left( n+1 \right) }{ 2 } +{ e }^{ 2h }\frac { { e }^{ 2nh }-1 }{ { e }^{ 2h }-1 } \)
\(\int _{ 0 }^{ 4 }{ f\left( x \right) dx } \)
\(=\lim _{ n\rightarrow \infty ,h\rightarrow 0 }{ \left[ nh\frac { nh+h }{ 2 } +{ e }^{ 2h }\frac { \frac { { e }^{ 8 }-1 }{ { e }^{ 2h }-1 } }{ 2h } \times \frac { 1 }{ 2 } \right] } \)
\(=\lim _{ x\rightarrow 0 }{ \left[ 4\frac { 4+h }{ 2 } +{ e }^{ 2h }\frac { \frac { { e }^{ 8 }-1 }{ { e }^{ 2h }-1 } }{ 2h } \times \frac { 1 }{ 2 } \right] } \)
\(=8+\frac { { e }^{ 8 }-1 }{ 2 } \)
4.
Here, f(x) = x2 + 3, a = 0, b = 2 and nh = b - a = 2
\(\int _{ 0 }^{ 2 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+1 \right) dx } =\int _{ a }^{ b }{ f\left( x \right) dx } \)
\(={ lim }_{ h\rightarrow 0 }\) h[f(a) + f(a + h) + f(a + 2h) + ... + f(a + (n - 1)h)]
\(={ lim }_{ h\rightarrow 0 }\) h[3 + 12h2 + 3 + 22h2 + 3 + ... + (n - 1)2h2 + 3]
\(={ lim }_{ h\rightarrow 0 }\) h[3n + h2 {12 + 22 + 32 + ... (n - 1)2}]
\(={ lim }_{ h\rightarrow 0 }h\left[ 3n+{ h }^{ 2 }\left\{ \frac { \left( n-1 \right) n\left( 2n-1 \right) }{ 6 } \right\} \right] \)
\(={ lim }_{ h\rightarrow 0 }h\left[ 3nh+\left\{ \frac { \left( nh-h \right) nh\left( 2nh-h \right) }{ 6 } \right\} \right] \)
\(={ lim }_{ h\rightarrow 0 }h\left[ 3\times 2+\left\{ \frac { \left( 2-h \right) 2\left( 4-h \right) }{ 6 } \right\} \right] \)
\(=6+\frac { 16 }{ 6 } ,i.e.,\frac { 26 }{ 3 } \)
5.
\(I=\int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } }{ \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } +4\sin ^{ 2 }{ x } } } dx.\)
\(=\int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } }{ \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } +4(1-\cos ^{ 2 }{ x } ) } } dx.\)
\(=\int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \cos ^{ 2 }{ x } }{ 4-3\cos ^{ 2 }{ x } } } dx.\)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { 4-3\cos ^{ 2 }{ x } -4 }{ 4-3\cos ^{ 2 }{ x } } } dx.\)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \left( 1-\frac { 4 }{ 4-3\cos ^{ 2 }{ x } } \right) } dx.\)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ dx+\frac { 4 }{ 3 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \left( 1-\frac { dx }{ 4-3\cos ^{ 2 }{ x } } \right) } } \)
\(=\frac { -1 }{ 3 } { \left[ x \right] }_{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }+\frac { 4 }{ 3 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \sec ^{ 2 }{ x } dx }{ 4\sec ^{ 2 }{ x } -3 } } \)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } .\frac { \pi }{ 2 } +\frac { 4 }{ 3 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } }{ \frac { \sec ^{ 2 }{ x } dx }{ 4(\tan ^{ 2 }{ x } )-3 } } \)
\(=-\frac { \pi }{ 6 } +\frac { \pi }{ 2 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \infty }{ \frac { dz }{ 4+4{ z }^{ 2 }-3 } } \)
\(=-\frac { \pi }{ 6 } +\frac { 4 }{ 3\times 4 } \int _{ 0 }^{ \infty }{ \frac { dz }{ { z }^{ 2 }+{ \left( \frac { 1 }{ 2 } \right) }^{ 2 } } } \)
\(=-\frac { \pi }{ 6 } +\frac { 2 }{ 3 } { \left[ \tan ^{ -1 }{ 2z } \right] }_{ 0 }^{ \infty }\)
\(=-\frac { \pi }{ 6 } +\frac { 2 }{ 3 } { \left[ \tan ^{ -1 }{ \infty -2z } \tan ^{ -1 }{ 0 } \right] }\)
\(=-\frac { \pi }{ 6 } +\frac { 2 }{ 3 } \left[ \frac { \pi }{ 2 } -0 \right] \)
\(=-\frac { \pi }{ 6 } +\frac { \pi }{ 3 } =\frac { \pi }{ 6 } \)
6.
\(\int _{ 2 }^{ 5 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx=\int _{ 0 }^{ 5 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx-\int _{ 0 }^{ 2 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx\)
By definition,
\(\int _{ a }^{ b }{ f\left( x \right) dx } =\left( b-a \right) \underset { n\rightarrow \infty }{ lim } \frac { 1 }{ n } \left[ f\left( a \right) +\left( a+h \right) +......+f\left\{ a+\left( n-1 \right) h \right\} \right] ,\)
\(h=\frac { b-a }{ n } \)
for a = 0, b = 5, f(x) = x2+3,
\(h=\frac { 5-0 }{ n } =\frac { 5 }{ n } \)
\(\therefore \int _{ 0 }^{ 5 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx\ =\ 5\underset { n\rightarrow \infty }{ lim } \frac { 1 }{ n } \left[ f\left( 0 \right) +f\left( \frac { 5 }{ n } \right) +f\left( \frac { 10 }{ n } \right) +......+f\left( \frac { 5\left( n-1 \right) }{ n } \right) \right] \)
\(= 5\underset { n\rightarrow \infty }{ lim } \frac { 1 }{ n } \left[ 3+\left( \frac { { 5 }^{ 2 } }{ { n }^{ 2 } } +3 \right) +\left( \frac { { 10 }^{ 2 } }{ { n }^{ 2 } } +3 \right) +.....+\left( \frac { { \left( 5n-5 \right) }^{ 2 } }{ { n }^{ 2 } } +3 \right) \right] \)
\(=5\underset { n\rightarrow \infty }{ lim } \frac { 1 }{ n } \left[ \left( 3+3+3....+n\quad times \right) \right] +\frac { { 5 }^{ 2 } }{ { n }^{ 2 } } \left\{ { 1 }^{ 1 }+{ 2 }^{ 2 }+{ 3 }^{ 2 }+....+{ \left( n-1 \right) }^{ 2 } \right\} \)
\(=5\underset { n\rightarrow \infty }{ lim } \frac { 1 }{ n } \left[ 3n+\frac { 25 }{ { n }^{ 2 } } \frac { \left( n-1 \right) n\left( 2n-1 \right) }{ 6 } \right] \)
\(=5\underset { n\rightarrow \infty }{ lim } \left[ 3+\frac { 25 }{ 6 } \left\{ \left( 1-\frac { 1 }{ n } \right) \left( 2-\frac { 1 }{ n } \right) \right\} \right] \)
\(=5\left[ 3+\frac { 25 }{ 6 } \times 2 \right] =\frac { 170 }{ 3 } \)
Similarly, \(\int _{ 0 }^{ 2 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx\ =2\left[ 3+\frac { 4 }{ 6 } \times 2 \right] =\frac { 26 }{ 3 } \)
\(\therefore \int _{ 0 }^{ 5 }{ \left( { x }^{ 2 }+3 \right) } dx\ =\frac { 170 }{ 3 } -\frac { 26 }{ 3 } =\frac { 144 }{ 3 } =48\)
7.
\(I=\int { \frac { { x }^{ 2 }+x+1 }{ (x+2)({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } } dx\)
\(=\int { \left[ \frac { A }{ (x+2) } +\frac { Bx+C }{ ({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } \right] dx } \)
\(\Rightarrow A{ x }^{ 2 }+A+B{ x }^{ 2 }+2Bx+Cx+2C\)
\(=x+{ x }^{ 2 }+1\)
\(A+B=1\)
\(2B+C=1\)
\(A+2C=1\)
\(A=3/5,\)
\(B=2/5,\)
and \(C=1/5\)
\(\therefore I=\int { \left[ \frac { 3 }{ 5(x+2) } +\frac { \frac { 2 }{ 5 } x+\frac { 1 }{ 5 } }{ ({ x }^{ 2 }+1 } \right] dx } \)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \int { \left[ \frac { 3 }{ (x+2) } +\frac { 2x+1 }{ ({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } \right] } dx\)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \left[ \int { \frac { 3 }{ (x+2) } } dx+\int { \frac { 2x+1 }{ ({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } dx+\int { \frac { 1 }{ ({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } dx } } \right] \)
\({ I }_{ 1 }=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \int { \frac { 3 }{ (x+2) } } dx\)
\(=\frac { 3 }{ 5 } log(x+2)+{ C }_{ 1 }\)
\({ I }_{ 2 }=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \int { \frac { 2x }{ ({ x }^{ 2 }+1) } } dx\)
Let \({ x }^{ 2 }+1=t,\Rightarrow 2xdx=dt\)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \int { \frac { dt }{ t } =\frac { 1 }{ 5 } logt } \)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } log(1+{ x }^{ 2 })+{ C }_{ 2 }\)
\({ I }_{ 3 }=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \int { \frac { 1 }{ { x }^{ 2 }+1 } dx } \)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } tan^{ -1 }x+{ C }_{ 3 }\)
\(\therefore I=\frac { 1 }{ 5 } \left[ 3log(x+2)+log(1+{ x }^{ 2 })+tan^{ -1 }x \right] +C\)
8.
\(\int { \frac { sin^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -cos^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } }{ sin^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } +cos^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } } } dx\)
\(=\frac { 2 }{ \pi } \int { \left[ sin^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -\left( \frac { \pi }{ 2 } -{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } \right) \right] } dx\)
\(=\frac { 2 }{ \pi } \int { 2{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } } dx-\int { 1dx } \)
\(=\frac { 4 }{ \pi } \left[ { sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } .x-\int { \frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 1-x } } \frac { 1 }{ 2\sqrt { x } } .xdx } \right] -x+C\)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ \pi } \left[ 4x{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -2\int { \frac { \sqrt { x } }{ \sqrt { 1-x } } } dx \right] -x+C\)
Let, \(x={ sin }^{ 2 }\theta \Rightarrow dx=2sin\theta cos\theta \quad d\theta \)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ \pi } \left[ 4x{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -2\int { \frac { sin\theta }{ cos\theta } 2sin\theta cos\theta \quad d\theta } \right] \)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ \pi } \left[ 4x{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -2\int { (1-cos2\theta )d\theta } \right] -x+C\)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ \pi } \left[ 4x{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -2\left( \theta -\frac { sin2\theta }{ 2 } \right) \right] -x+C\)
\(=\frac { 1 }{ \pi } \left[ 4x{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } -2{ sin }^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } +2\sqrt { x } \sqrt { 1-x } \right] -x+C\)
\(=\frac { sin^{ -1 }\sqrt { x } }{ \pi } 2(2x-1)+\frac { 2 }{ \pi } \sqrt { x-{ x }^{ 2 } } -x+C\)
9.
\(I=\int { \frac { 8 }{ (x+2){ (x }^{ 2 }+4) } } dx\)
\(=\int { \left[ \frac { A }{ x+2 } +\frac { Bx+C }{ { x }^{ 2 }+4 } \right] } dx\)
\(\Rightarrow A{ x }^{ 2 }+4A+B{ x }^{ 2 }+2Bx+Cx+2C=8\)
\(A+B=0,\)
\(2B+C=0\)
\(4A+2C=8\)
Solving these equations, we get
\(A=1, B=-1, C=2\)
\(\therefore I=\int { \left[ \frac { 1 }{ x+2 } +\frac { -x+2 }{ { x }^{ 2 }+4 } \right] } dx\)
\(=\int { \frac { 1 }{ x+2 } dx- } \int { \frac { (x) }{ { x }^{ 2 }+4 } } dx+\int { \frac { 2 }{ { x }^{ 2 }+4 } } \)
\(=log\left| x+2 \right| +2\times \frac { 1 }{ 2 } tan^{ -1 }\frac { x }{ 2 } -\int { \frac { x }{ { x }^{ 2 }+4 } } dx\)
\(=log\left| x+2 \right| +{ tan }^{ -1 }\frac { x }{ 2 } -\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \int { \frac { dy }{ y+4 } } \)
where \(y=x^{ 2 }\)
\(\Rightarrow\frac { dy }{ dx } =2x\)
\(\Rightarrow \frac { dy }{ 2 } =xdx\)
\(\therefore I=log\left| x+2 \right| +tan^{ -1 }\frac { x }{ 2 } -\frac { 1 }{ 2 } log\left| { x }^{ 2 }+4 \right| +c\)
10.
Let \(I=\int { \frac { sinx }{ sin^{ 3 }x+cos^{ 3 }x } } dx\)
\(=\int { \frac { tanxsec^{ 2 }x }{ { tan }^{ 3 }x+1 } } dx\)
On substituting tanx = t and sec2x = dx = dt, we get
\(I=\int { \frac { t }{ { t }^{ 3 }+1 } } dt\)
\(=\int { \frac { t }{ (t+1)({ t }^{ 2 }-t+1) } } dt\)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } \int { \frac { 1 }{ t+1 } dt+\frac { 1 }{ 3 } } \int { \frac { t+1 }{ { t }^{ 2 }-t+1 } dt } \)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } log\left| t+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ 6 } \int { \frac { (2t-1)+3 }{ { t }^{ 2 }-t+1 } } dt+\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \int { \frac { 1 }{ { t }^{ 2 }-t+1 } } dt\)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } log\left| t+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ 6 } log\left| { t }^{ 2 }t+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \int { \frac { 1 }{ \left( t-\frac { 1 }{ 2 } \right) ^{ 2 }+\left( \frac { \sqrt { 3 } }{ 2 } \right) ^{ 2 } } } dt\)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } log\left| t+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ 6 } log\left| { t }^{ 2 }-t+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } { tan }^{ -1 }\left( \frac { 2t-1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } \right) \)
\(=-\frac { 1 }{ 3 } log\left| tanx+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ 6 } log\left| { tan }^{ 2 }x-tanx+1 \right| +\frac { 1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } { tan }^{ -1 }\left( \frac { 2tanx-1 }{ \sqrt { 3 } } \right) +C\)
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