\(\text { Zymase } ; \mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{12} \mathrm{O}_6 \stackrel{\text { Zymase }}{\longrightarrow} 2 \mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{OH}+2 \mathrm{CO}_2 \text {. }\)

Sucrose is dextrorotatory, with a specific rotation of \({ \left[ \alpha \right] }_{ D }\) = + 66·5° but on hydrolysis, it gives equimolar amounts of glucose which is dextrorotatory and fructose which is laevorotatory. Since the laevorotation of fructose (- 92.4°) is much more than dextrorotation of glucose (+ 52·5°), therefore, the resulting solution becomes laevorotatory.

The main structural feature of reducing sugars is the presence of an aldehyde group (-CHO) such as in glucose , mannose, gatactose, etc or the \(\alpha\) - ketol grouping (-CO-CH₂OH) as present in fructose.

Alanine exists as a zwitterion (I) in aqueous solution. In presence of acid (pH = 2), the basic - COO- group accepts a proton to give cation (II) but in presence of a base (pH = 10), the acidic - \({ NH }_{ 3 }\) group donates a proton to the base and thus exists as an anion (III).
\(\quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }^{ - }\quad \overset { { H }^{ + } }{ \longrightarrow } \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }H\\ \quad \quad Alanine\quad (I)\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad II\)
\(\\ \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad { CH }_{ 3 }\\ \quad \quad \quad \quad |\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad |\\ \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ COO }^{ - }\quad \overset { { OH }^{ - } }{ \longrightarrow } \overset { + }{ { NH }_{ 3 } } -CH-{ { COO }^{ - } }\\ \quad \quad Alanine\quad (I)\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad III\\ \)

The stability of \(\alpha \) -helix structure is due to intramolecular H-bonding between -NH- and -CO- groups of the same polypeptide chain. The \(\alpha \) -helix is termed as \({ 3.6 }_{ 13 }\) helix since each turn of the helix has approximately 3·6 amino acids and the hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of a 13-membered ring.

Carbohydrates which differ in configuration at the glycosidic carbon (i.e. \({ C }_{ 1 }\) in aldoses and \({ C }_{ 2 }\) in ketoses) are called anomers while those which differ in configuration at any carbon other than glycosidic carbon are called epimers. For example, \(\alpha \)-D-glucose and \(\beta \)-D-glucose are anomers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 1 }\) (glycosidic carbon) while glucose and mannose are called epimers since they differ in configuration at \({ C }_{ 2 }\)(other than the glycosidic carbon \({ C }_{ 1 }\) ). In other words, glucose and mannose are Cr epimers. Similarly, we can show that glucose and galactose are \({ C }_{ 4 }\) -epimers since they differ in configuration only at \({ C }_{ 4 }\).

(i) Starch
(ii) Native protein has sequence of amino acid having peptide bonds. Denatured protein loses biological activity due to rupture of secondary and tertiary structure.
(iii) Vitamin K.

(i) Glucose has aldehyde group whereas fructose has keto group.
(ii) n-hexane is formed,

(iii) Peptide linkage.

(i) Write the function ofthe follow Hydrolysis of cane sugar. 
(ii) Urease Decomposition of urea into NH₃ and CO₂.
(iii) Maltase Hydrolysis of maltose into glucose

(i) Maltose is disaccharide.
(ii) 

(iii) The deficiency of vitamin D causes bone deformities in children.

(i) Vitamin A 
(ii) Uracil 
(iii) It suggests that six carbon atoms are in straight chain/CHO-(CHOH)₄-CH₂OH 

(a) Another name of vitamin B₆ is pyridoxine. 
(b) Vitamin K 
(C) Deficiency of vitamin A cause xerophthalmia. The two sources of vitamin A are fish and carrots.
Or
(c) Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin thus it can't be stored in our body.
Scurvy (bleeding gum) disease is caused by the deficiency of this vitamin.