Three different types of RNA molecules are as follows
(i) Messenger-RNA (m-RNA)
(ii) Transfer-RNA (t-RNA)
(iii) Ribosomal-RNA (r-RNA)

Propan-1-ol, 4-methylphenol, phenol, 3-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrophenol, 2,4, 6-trinitrophenol.

\(\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_5 \mathrm{COCH}_3<\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COCH}_3<\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{CHO}\)
+I - effect of phenyl and           +I-  effect of two                  +I-effect of only one
methyl groups increases           alkyl groups                       alkyl group and no
electron density on CO                and steric                         sterically hindered
group and steric hindrance         hindrance                              group, making it     
caused by these two groups       due to two                              more reactive 
make nucleophilic attack          bulky groups.                towards nucleophilic
difficult.                                                                                     attack.

(i) Average rate during the interval 30-60 sec.              
\(=\frac { { C }_{ 2 }-{ C }_{ 1 } }{ { t }_{ 2 }-{ t }_{ 1 } } =\frac { 0.31-0.17 }{ 60-30 } =\frac { 0.14 }{ 30 } mol{ L }^{ -1 }{ s }^{ -1 }=4.67\times { 10 }^{ -3 }mol{ L }^{ -1 }{ s }^{ -1 }\)
\((ii)\ k\prime =\frac { 2.303 }{ t } \log { \frac { { \left[ A \right] }_{ 0 } }{ \left[ A \right] } } \) in which \({ \left[ A \right] }_{ 0 }=0.55M\)
\(t=30\quad sec,k\prime =\frac { 2.303 }{ 30\quad s } \log { \frac { 0.55 }{ 0.31 } } =1.91\times { 10 }^{ -2 }{ s }^{ -1 }\)
\(t=60\quad sec,k\prime =\frac { 2.303 }{ 60\quad s } \log { \frac { 0.55 }{ 0.17 } } =1.96\times { 10 }^{ -2 }{ s }^{ -1 }\)
\(t=90\quad sec,k\prime =\frac { 2.303 }{ 90\quad s } \log { \frac { 0.55 }{ 0.085 } } =2.07\times { 10 }^{ -2 }{ s }^{ -1 }\)
\(Average\ k\prime =\frac { 1.91+1.96+2.07 }{ 3 } \times { 10 }^{ -2 }=1.98\times { 10 }^{ -2 }{ s }^{ -1 }\)

In each complex, Fe is in + 3 state , as C₂O^-₄is didentate chelating ligand. which forms chelate rings and hence. it is the most stable complex.

\(\text {(b) } \ (i)\left(\mathrm{CH}_{3}\right)_{3} \mathrm{~N}<\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{NH}_{2}<\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{5} \mathrm{OH}\)
(ii) p-nitroaniline < Aniline < p-methyl aniline.

\( \mathrm{Zn}_{(s)} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} ; E^{\ominus}=0.76 \mathrm{~V}\)
\(\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(s)}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(t)}+2 \mathrm{e}^{-} \longrightarrow 2 \mathrm{Ag}_{(s)}+2 \mathrm{OH}^{-} ; E^{\ominus}=0.344 \mathrm{~V} \)
__________________________________________________
\(\mathrm{Zn}_{(s)}+\mathrm{Ag}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(s)}+\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(n)} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Zn}^{2+}+2 \mathrm{Ag}_{(s)}+2 \mathrm{OH}^{-} ; E^{\ominus}=1.104 \mathrm{~V}\)
E^ø  = 1.104 V
We know that,
ΔrG^ø = -nFE^ø
= - 2 x 96487 x 1.04
= - 213043.296 J
= - 213.04 kJ

(c), esters having the same number of carbon atoms in the alkyl and acyl group, i.e., CH₃CH₂ and COCH₃ group in CH₃CH₂OCOCH_3.

(i) In case of 1 M NaCl solution the concentration of particles is higher as compared to 1 M glucose solution. Also the van't Hoff factor of NaCl is greater than 1 , while that of glucose is 1 .
(ii) Given, Molar mass of non volatile solute \(X=50 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}\)
Amount of benzene \(=78 \mathrm{~g}\)
Let $p$ be the vapour pressure of pure benzene
The vapour pressure of solution will be $=\frac{90}{100} p=0.9 p$
(iii) Given,\( \frac{p-p^{\prime}}{p}=\frac{W \times 78}{40 \times 78} \)
\(\frac{p-0.9 p}{p} =\frac{W}{40}\)
\(W =40 \frac{(0.1 p)}{p} \)
\( =40 \times 0.1=4 \mathrm{~g}\)
\(\text { Amount of } \mathrm{MgCl}_2=10 \mathrm{~g}\)
\(\text { Amount of water }=200 \mathrm{~g}\)
\(K_b \text { for water }=0.512 \mathrm{~K} \mathrm{~kg} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1} \)
\(\text { Molar mass of } \mathrm{MgCl}_2=95 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}\)
\(\Delta T=K_b \times m =0.512 \times m \)
\(=\frac{0.512}{200} \times \frac{100}{95} \times 1000 =0.269 \mathrm{~K} .\)

Dichloromethane has highest dipole moment among CH₂​Cl₂​, CHCl₃​ and CCl₄​. The decreasing order of dipole moments is CH₂​Cl₂​>CHCl₃​>CCl₄​. These molecules have tetrahedral geometry due to sp3 hybridization of carbon atom.In CCl4​, the individual C−Cl bond dipoles cancel each other which results in zero dipole moment. 
Hence, CCl₄​ is non polar.

For a first order reaction
K=\(\frac { 2.303 }{ t } log\frac { a }{ a-x } \)
where, k = Rate constant
a = initial concentration
(a - x) = concentration after time' t'.
When a first order reaction is 25% complete in 20 min.
a = 100, a - x = 100 - 25 = 75, 1= 20 min.
∴ \(k=\frac { 2.303 }{ t } log\frac { a }{ a-x } =\frac { 2.303 }{ 20 } log\frac { 100 }{ 75 } \)
=\(\frac { 2.303 }{ 20 } \)[log4-log3]=0.0143 min-1
For 75% completion of reaction
a = 100, a - x = 100 - 75 = 25, k = 0.0143 min^-1
\(t=\frac { 2.303 }{ k } log\frac { a }{ a-x } =\frac { 2.303 }{ 0.0143 } log\frac { 100 }{ 25 } \)
=\(\frac { 2.303 }{ 0.0143 } \) log4 = 96.961 min.

(i) Reimer-Tiemann reaction

(ii) Williamson syntheses:
\(\underset { Alkyl halide\ Sodium\ alkoxide }{ R-X+\overset { + }{ Na } -\overset { - }{ O } -{ R }' } \longrightarrow R-O-{ R }'+NaX\)
\(\underset { Alkyl\ halide\ Sodium\ alkoxide }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-Br } +\underset { sodium\ ethoxide }{ \overset { + }{ Na } -\overset { - }{ O } -{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 3 } } \longrightarrow \underset { Diethyl\ ether }{ { CH }_{ 3 }-{ CH }_{ 2 }-O-{ CH }_{ 2 }-{ CH }_{ 3 } } +NaBr\)

Since electronegativity of Li (E.N. = 1.0) is lower than that of Mg (E.N. = 1.2), therefore, organolithium compounds are more nucleophilic than Grignard reagents. As a result, organolithium compounds not only add to the more reactive CO₂ but also to the less reactive resonance stabilized lithium salt of carboxylic acid thus formed to yield ketones.

Grignard reagents, on the other hand, being less nucleophilic add only to the more reactive CO₂ but not to the less reactive resonance stabilized magnesium salt of the carboxylic acid from which carboxylic acid can be generated by hydrolysis with mineral acids.

The cell constant is given by the equation:
Cell constant = G* = conductivity × resistance
= 1.29 S/m × 100 \(\Omega\) = 129 m^–1 = 1.29 cm^–1
= \(\frac{G^{*}}{R}=\frac{129 \mathrm{~m}^{-1}}{520 \Omega}\) = 0.248 S m^–1
Concentration = 0.02 mol L^–1
= 1000 × 0.02 mol m–3 = 20 mol m^–3
Molar conductivity = \(A_{m}=\frac{\kappa}{c}\) 
= \(\frac{248 \times 10^{-3} \mathrm{Sm}^{-1}}{20 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{~m}^{-3}}\) = 124 × 10^–4 S m²mol^–1
Alternatively, \(\kappa=\frac{1.29 \mathrm{~cm}^{-1}}{520 \Omega}\) = 0.248 × 10^–2 S cm^–1
and Λ _m = κ × 1000 cm3 L^–1 molarity^–1
= \(\frac{0.248 \times 10^{-2} \mathrm{~S} \mathrm{~cm}^{-1} \times 1000 \mathrm{~cm}^{3} \mathrm{~L}^{-1}}{0.02 \mathrm{~mol} \mathrm{~L}^{-1}}\) 
= 124 S cm² mol^–1

A nucleoside contains only two basic components of nucleic acids namely a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
A nucleotide contains all the three basic components of nucleic acids namely a phosphoric acid group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base.

(a) \(\mathrm{M}=\frac{\text { No. of moles }}{\text { Litres of solution }}=\frac{6.02 \times 10^{22}}{6.02 \times 10^{23}} \times \frac{1000}{50}\)
= 2M
(b) 'B' will have lower vapour pressure because its boiling point is higher.
(c) Maximum boiling azeotropes.
(d) \(\pi V=n R T \Rightarrow \pi \times 0.1 \mathrm{~L}=\frac{5}{60} \times 0.0821 \times 300\)
\(\Rightarrow \pi=\frac{24.63}{1.2}=20.52 \mathrm{~atm}[\because 100 \mathrm{~mL}=0.1 \mathrm{~L}]\)
(e) (i) i > 1, because dissociation takes place.
(ii) i < 1, because association takes place.
(f) Salt inhibits the growth of microorganisms by drawing out water from microbial cells through osmosis 20% salt is needed to kill most species of unwanted bacteria.
(g) It is because KCI dissociates into ions, it has double particles as compared to glucose.
Therefore, elevation in boiling point is double.

(i) (d): Glycinate ion is an example of bidentate ligand. It contains Nand O as donor atoms.
(ii) (a)
(iii) (c) : H₂N - NH₂ does not act as chelating ligand.
The coordination by hydrazine leads to a three member highly unstable strained ring and thus it does not act as chelating agent.
(iv) (d): In Zeises salt, coordination no. of Pt is 4. Ethylene is a mono dentate ligand.