Freon-12 is CCI₂F₂ (dichlorodifluoromethane) and is one of the most common freon in industrial use.
Most freon diffuses unchanged into the stratosphere where it initiates radical chain reactions that upset natural ozone balance.

In [Co(NH ₃)₆]³⁺, Co is in +3 state with the configuration 3d⁶. In the presence of NH ₃, 3d electrons pair up leaving two d-orbitals empty. Hence, the hybridisation is d²sp forming an inner orbital complex. In [Ni(NH ³ forming an inner orbital complex. In [Ni(NH ₃)₆]²⁺, Ni is in +2 state with the configuration 3d.8. In presence of NH₃, the 3d electrons do not pair up. The hybridization involved is sp³d² forming an outer orbital complex.

A molecule or an ion which has only one donor atom to form one coordinate bond with the central metal atom is called unidentate ligand, e.g.Cl^- and NH₃.
A molecule or an ion which contains two donor atoms and hence forms two coordinate bonds with the central metal atom is called a didentate ligand, e.g.,
 \(\overset { { CH }_{ 2 }{ NH }_{ 2 } }{ \underset { { CH }_{ 2 }{ NH }_{ 2 } }{ | } } and\quad \overset { { COO }^{ - } }{ \underset { { COO }^{ - } }{ | } } \)
a molecule or an ion which contains two donor atoms but only one of them forms a coordinate bond at a time with the central metal atom is called ambidentate ligand, e.g. CN^- or NC^-and: NO^-₂ or ONO^-

Suppose the two components forming an ideal solution are A and B. Further, suppose that their mole fractions in the liquid phase are x_A and x_B while in the vapour phase, these are represented by Y_Aand Y_B respectively. Then \(P_A=X_AP_A^0,P_B=x_Bp_B^0\)

\(NaCI\longrightarrow { Na }^{ + }+{ CI }^{ - }\)
\(\therefore i=2,\triangle { T }_{ f }=i\times { K }_{ f }\times \frac { { W }_{ B } }{ { M }_{ B } } \times \frac { 1000 }{ { W }_{ A } } \)
\(\\ \Rightarrow 3=2\times 1.86\times \frac { { W }_{ B } }{ 58.5 } \times \frac { 1000 }{ 1000 }\)
\(\Rightarrow { W }_{ B }=\frac { 3\times 58.5 }{ 2\times 1.86 } =\frac { 175.5 }{ 3.72 } =47.17\ g\)

Those catalysts which catalyse biochemical reactions are called biocatalysts, e.g. invertase catalyses hydrolysis of cane-sugar to form glucose and fructose.

Valine and Leucine.

Symmetrical alkenes (CH2 = CH2) gives only one addition product.

5.27 x 10^-3 atm

(i)

3° halide reacts faster than 2° halide because of the greater stability of tertiary carbocation.
(ii)

(ii) 2° halide reacts faster than 1° halide because of the greater stability of secondary carbocation than primary.

Linkage isomerism.

[Co(NH₃)₅ SO₄]Br is ionisation isomer of  [Co(NH₃)₅ Br]SO₄ .

(i) Vitamin B-complex and vitamin C are water soluble vitamins.
(ii) Vitamin C is chemically ascorbic acid while vitamin D is ergocalciferol.
(iii) Green leafy vegetables like spinach, cabbage, carrot etc.
(iv) It is essentially needed for body. The deficiency of vitamin K leads to blood clotting and even harmorrhage

(a) (i) Molarity: Molarity of a substance in a solution is equal to the number of moles of the substance present in one litre of the solution.
i.e., Molarity = \(\frac { No.\ of\ moles\ of\ substance }{ Volume\ of\ solution\ in\ L } \)
(ii) Molal elevation constant (K_b): It is also called ebullioscopic constant. It is equal to the change in boiling point of one molar solution.
\(\Delta\)T_b = K_b . m
So, when, Molarity = 1,\(\Delta\) T_b = K_b
(b)Given; Mass of urea, W_B = 15 g
Molar mass of rea, M_B = 60 g
The solution of urea in water is isotonic to that of glucose solution.
So,  \(\pi _{ urea }=\pi _{ Glucose }\)
\(C_{ urea }RT=C_{ Glucose }RT\)
\(\frac { { n }_{ urea } }{ V } RT=\frac { { n }_{ Glucose } }{ V } RT\)
\(=\frac { 15 }{ 60 } =\frac { { W }_{ Glucose }V }{ 180 } \)
\(={ W }_{ Glucose }=\frac { 18\times 18 }{ 60 } \)
= 45 g
So, 45 g of glucose is present in 1 L of solution.

(i) As isomer A reacts with AgNO₃ to give a white precipitate, CI must be present in the ionization sphere. As it does not react with BaCI₂, SO₄^2- must be present in coordination sphere.
Formula of A = [Co(NH₃)₅SO₄] CI (coordination no. of Co = 6) As reactions are reverse for isomer B, formula of B = [Co(NH₃)₅CI]S0₄
(ii) Ionization isomerism.
(iii) A = Pentaarnminesulphatocobalt (III) chloride ; B = Pentaamminechloridocobalt (ill) sulphate

tert-Alkyl halides prefer to undergo dehydrohalogenation in presence of a strong base such as Na metal instead of undergoing Wurtz reaction as explained below:
\(\underset{tert-Butyl\ bromide}{(CH_3)_3C-Br}+2Na\longrightarrow\underset{tert-Butylsodium}{(CH_3)_3Na^+}+Na^+Br^-\)
Thus, only rand 2° alkyl halides undergo Wurtz reaction while 3° alkyl halides prefer to undergo dehydrohalogenation to form alkenes.

(i) Mole fraction: It is the ratio of the number of moles of one component to the total number of moles of all the components present in the solution. For example, if a binary solution has n_A moles of one component and n_B moles of second component, then mole fraction of component A(x_A) and B(x_B) is:
\({ x }_{ A }=\frac { { n }_{ A } }{ { n }_{ A }+{ n }_{ B } } \) and \({ x }_{ B }=\frac { { n }_{ B } }{ { n }_{ A }+{ n }_{ B } } \) and x_A + x_B = 1
(ii) Molality: It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per 1000 g (or 1 kg) of solvent. If n₂ moles of solute are dissolved in w₁ g of solvent, then
Molality = \(\frac { { n }_{ 2 } }{ { w }_{ 1 } } \times 1000\)
(iii) Molarity: It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of the solution. If n₂ moles of solute are dissolved in V mL of the solution, then
Molarity = \(\frac { { n }_{ 2 }\times 1000 }{ V } \)
(iv) Mass percentage: It is the amount of solute (in grams) per 100 g of the solution. If w₂ g of solute are dissolved in w₁ g of solvent, then
Mass percentage of solute = \(\frac { { w }_{ 2 } }{ { w }_{ 1 }+{ w }_{ 2 } } \times 100\)

(a) Potassium diaquadioxalatochromate(III) hydrate
In K[Cr(H₂O)₂(C₂O₄)₂] . 3H₂O oxidation state of Cr is (+ 1 + x + 0 - 4 = 0) => x = +3
Coordination No. of Cr is 6
Cr(24) : 4S¹3d⁵
(ii) [CrCl₃(py)₃]
Trichloridotripyridinechromium (III)
Coordination No. of Cr is 6.
Oxidation state is +3.
(iii) K₄[Mn(CN)₆]
Potassium hexacyanomanganese(II)
+ 4 + x - 6 = a Oxidation state = + 2 , Coordination no. = 6
x = + 2
(iv) [Co(NH₃)₅Cl]Cl₂
Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III) chloride
(v) Cs[FeCl₄]
= 5.92 B.M.

(a) Zero
(b) [Cr(H₂O)₅Cl]CI₂ . H₂O, pentaaqua chlorido chromium (III) chloride.
(c) Cis - [Pt(en)₂ Cl₂]²⁺ shows optical isomerism.
(d) EDTA^4- (ethylene diamine tetra acetate)
(e) Sp³ d², octahedral, paramagnetic. It is outer orbital complex.
(f) [Fe(CO)₅] is most stable because CO is strongest ligand.
(g) Solvate isomerism.